Retrieval Practice Improves Exam Performance as a Function of Review Question Number and Format.

Introduction: Although retrieval practice is a well-established method of improving learning, it is unclear whether review question format matters or how many review questions are needed to maximize the effects of retrieval practice.

Review Of Literature: Inconsistent findings are reported regarding review question format, and no studies were conducted in physical therapy education programs. A positive relationship is reported between review question number and exam performance, but no studies estimate the number of review questions needed to maximize retention of specific learning objectives.

Noncognitive Factors of Grit and Mindset Do Not Predict Performance on the National Physical Therapy Exam.

Introduction: National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) performance is predicted to some degree by cognitive measures, such as grade point average (GPA) and the Graduate Record Exam scores. Researchers have begun to explore noncognitive measures, for example, grit and mindset, which could account for other potential determinants of student success in physical therapist (PT) education programs and the NPTE.

Review Of Literature: There is a paucity of evidence that has explored non-cognitive factors related to academic performance compared to cognitive factors.

Perceptions of vaccine safety and hesitancy among incarcerated adults and correctional staff in the rural midwest.

Objectives: This project assessed vaccine hesitancy among staff and incarcerated adults in one rural medium-security prison in the Midwestern United States and identified differences in hesitancy across sociodemographic and work-related variables.

Methods: 610 prison staff and people incarcerated completed a cross-sectional survey in May 2021. The vaccine hesitancy scale (VHS) identified perceived risk and confidence in vaccination.

Dependence of learning outcomes in flipped and lecture classrooms on review questions: A randomized controlled trial and observational study.

Purpose: The effects of class structure (i.e., lecture vs.

Investigating the Effect of Post-Release Housing Mobility on Recidivism: Considering Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses.

It is widely understood that stable housing is a key element in the transition from prison to the community. However, many persons under correctional supervision face substantial barriers in securing and maintaining housing, a fact that is heightened among individuals with a sexual offense conviction. Although frequent movement is commonplace among people on parole, it is unclear how housing changes affect recidivism outcomes and whether such mobility uniquely impacts individuals with a sexual offense conviction.

Understanding the effects of serotonin in the brain through its role in the gastrointestinal tract.

The neuromodulatory arousal system imbues the nervous system with the flexibility and robustness required to facilitate adaptive behaviour. While there are well understood mechanisms linking dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine to distinct behavioural states, similar conclusions have not been as readily available for serotonin. Fascinatingly, despite clear links between serotonergic function and cognitive capacities as diverse as reward processing, exploration, and the psychedelic experience, over 95% of the serotonin in the body is released in the gastrointestinal tract, where it controls digestive muscle contractions (peristalsis).

What Is Wrong with Monetary Sanctions? Directions for Policy, Practice, and Research.

Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American criminal legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers important insight into the law governing monetary sanctions, how they are levied, and how their imposition affects inequality. Monetary sanctions are assessed for a wide range of contacts with the criminal legal system ranging from felony convictions to alleged traffic violations with important variability in law and practice across states.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter: Reliability, Discriminant Validity, and Predictive Validity.

Background: Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control have been associated with post-injury sequelae and increased injury risk. The Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) has emerged as a tool to identify these deficits.

Purpose: To review the reliability of the YBT-LQ, determine if performance on the YBT-LQ varies among populations (i.

The Dorsiflexion Range of Motion Screen: A Validation Study.

Background: Limited ankle dorsiflexion (DF) is associated with ankle sprains and other lower extremity injuries. Current ankle measurements can be laborious to perform in an athletic environment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and discriminant validity of a novel closed-chain ankle DF ROM test, the standing ankle dorsiflexion screen (SADS).

28-day thawed plasma maintains α -antiplasmin levels and inhibits tPA-induced fibrinolysis.

Introduction: Evidence supports the use of plasma-first resuscitation in the treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). While thawed plasma (TP) has logistical benefits, the ability of plasma proteins to attenuate fibrinolysis and correct TIC remain unknown. We hypothesize that TP retains the ability to inhibit tissue plasminogen activator(tPA)-induced fibrinolysis at 28-day storage.

Unification at the cost of realism and precision.

Veissière et al. must sacrifice explanatory realism and precision in order to develop a unified formal model. Drawing on examples from cognitive archeology, we argue that this makes it difficult for them to derive the kinds of testable predictions that would allow them to resolve debates over the nature of human social cognition and cultural acquisition.

Do not drink and lyse: alcohol intoxication increases fibrinolysis shutdown in injured patients.

Introduction: High alcohol consumption has been associated with decreased fibrinolysis and enhanced thrombosis risk in cardiovascular disease. In trauma, alcohol has been associated with poor clot formation; however, its effect on fibrinolysis has not been fully investigated. We assessed the association of blood alcohol levels and fibrinolysis in trauma activation patients.

Temporal updating, behavioral learning, and the phenomenology of time-consciousness.

Hoerl & McCormack claim that the temporal updating system only represents the world as present. This generates puzzles regarding the phenomenology of temporal experience. We argue that recent models of reinforcement learning suggest that temporal updating must have a minimal temporal structure; and we suggest that this helps to clarify what it means to experience the world as temporally structured.

Enforcement trends in the city of St. Louis from 2007 to 2017: Exploring variability in arrests and criminal summonses over time and across communities.

The goal of this study is twofold: (a) to describe trends in enforcement activity in the city of St. Louis from 2007 through 2017 and (b) to document community variation in these trends. Five types of enforcement actions are examined: felony, misdemeanor, municipal, and bench warrant arrests and criminal summonses-in-lieu of arrest.

CAN INJURY RISK CATEGORY BE CHANGED IN ATHLETES? AN ANALYSIS OF AN INJURY PREVENTION SYSTEM.

Background And Purpose: Researchers have used an injury risk algorithm utilizing demographic data, injury history, the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test™ (YBT™) scores to categorize individual injury risk. The purpose of this study was to identify if a group-based hybrid injury prevention program utilizing key factors from previous research with the addition of an individualized approach can modify the injury risk category of athletes.

Study Design: Cohort Study.

Widespread Lichtheimia Infection in a Patient with Extensive Burns: Opportunities for Novel Antifungal Agents.

The Mucorales fungi-formerly classified as the zygomycetes-are environmentally ubiquitous fungi, but generally rare causes of clinical infections. In the immunocompromised host, however, they can cause invasive, rapidly spreading infections that confer a high risk of morbidity and mortality, often despite surgical and antifungal therapy. Patients with extensive burn injuries are particularly susceptible to skin and soft-tissue infections with these organisms.

Empiric transfusion strategies during life-threatening hemorrhage.

Background: Resuscitation guided by thrombelastography improves survival after injury. If bleeding is rapid, however, or if no thrombelastography data are available, the optimal strategy remains controversial. Our current practice gives fresh frozen plasma and red blood cells (1:2) empirically in patients with life-threatening hemorrhage, with subsequent administration based on rapid thrombelastography.

Thrombin stimulates increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 release from liver compared to lung endothelium.

Background: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a major regulator of the fibrinolytic system, covalently binding to tissue plasminogen activator and blocking its activity. Fibrinolysis shutdown is evident in the majority of severely injured patients in the first 24 h and is thought to be due to PAI-1. The source of this PAI-1 is thought to be predominantly endothelial cells, but there are known organ-specific differences, with higher levels thought to be in the liver.

Systemic hyperfibrinolysis after trauma: a pilot study of targeted proteomic analysis of superposed mechanisms in patient plasma.

Background: Viscoelastic measurements of hemostasis indicate that 20% of seriously injured patients exhibit systemic hyperfibrinolysis, with increased early mortality. These patients have normal clot formation with rapid clot lysis. Targeted proteomics was applied to quantify plasma proteins from hyperfibrinolytic (HF) patients to elucidate potential pathophysiology.

From objectivized morality to objective morality.

Stanford holds that the externalization and objectivization of moral judgments are what sustain human cooperative lifeways. We reply that the central function of human moral psychology is to track and respond to the structural features of our social environment, and we argue that moral obligations are grounded in the relationship between individual agents and the stability of their social groups.

Thrombin Provokes Degranulation of Platelet α-Granules Leading to the Release of Active Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).

Background: The balance of fibrinolytic mediators is crucial to the survival of the critically ill patient, with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) playing significant roles. While elevated levels of PAI-1 are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, the source of this PAI-1 remains elusive. Platelets contain 90% of circulating plasma PAI-1, however, their ability to release active PAI-1 is controversial.

14-Day thawed plasma retains clot enhancing properties and inhibits tPA-induced fibrinolysis.

Background: Plasma-first resuscitation attenuates trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC); however, the logistics of plasma-first resuscitation require thawed plasma (TP) be readily available due to the obligatory thawing time of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The current standard is storage of TP for up to 5 days at 4°C, based on factor levels at outdate, for use in patients at risk for TIC, but there remains a 2.2% outdated wastage rate.