Tuberculosis incidence in foreign-born people residing in European countries in 2020.

BackgroundEuropean-specific policies for tuberculosis (TB) elimination require identification of key populations that benefit from TB screening.AimWe aimed to identify groups of foreign-born individuals residing in European countries that benefit most from targeted TB prevention screening.MethodsThe Tuberculosis Network European Trials group collected, by cross-sectional survey, numbers of foreign-born TB patients residing in European Union (EU) countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 from the 10 highest ranked countries of origin in terms of TB cases in each country of residence.

A Molecular and Epidemiological Investigation of a Large SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a Long-Term Care Facility in Luxembourg, 2021.

In spring 2021, a long-term care facility (LTCF) of 154 residents in Luxembourg experienced a large severe, acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak a few days after a vaccination campaign. We conducted an outbreak investigation and a serosurvey two months after the outbreak, compared attack rates (AR) among residents and staff, and calculated hospitalization and case-fatality rates (CFR). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to detect variants in available samples and results were compared to genomes published on GISAID.

The effect of storage medium on the elution of monomers from composite materials.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different storage media on the elution of monomers from two composite materials. Samples (n = 10, diameter: 4.5 mm, thickness: 2 mm) of two different composite materials (Ceram X™ & Filtek™ Supreme XT) were stored after polymerization in four different media (NaCl, saliva, ethanol 75% & acetone) for 24 h, 7 days, and 28 days.

A typology of parent rated child behavior for a national U.S. sample.

The purpose of the current study was to build on the emerging effort to produce a meaningful typology of child behavior for school-aged children. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Parent Rating Scales for Children (PRS-C) norming data were collected for 2029 6- to 11-year-old children at 116 sites representing various regions of the United States. The PRS-C has 130 items that are rated by the parent on a 4-point scale of frequency, ranging from "never" to "almost always".

A typology of teacher-rated child behavior for a national U.S. sample.

The purpose of the current study was to build on the emerging effort to produce a meaningful typology of classroom behavior for elementary school age children. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Teacher Rating Scales for Children (TRS-C) norming data were collected for 1,227 six- to eleven-year-old children at 116 sites representing various regions of the United States. The TRS-C has 148 items that are rated by the teacher on a 4-point scale of frequency, ranging from Never to Almost always.

Behavioral Clustering of School Children.

The intent of this article is to illustrate how a cluster analysis might be conducted, validated, and interpreted. Data normed for a behavioral assessment instrument with 14 scales on a sample drawn from a nationally representative pool of U.S.

Assessing Predictive Accuracy in Discriminant Analysis.

The estimation of probabilities of correct classification is a primary concern in predictive discriminant analysis. Three such probabilities are: (a) the optimal hit rate, that obtained when the classification rule is based on known parameters; (b) the actual hit rate, that obtained by applying a rule based on a particular sample to future samples; and (c) the expected actual hit rate. Methods of estimating these hit rates include formulas (in the two-group case), resubstitution, and external analyses.

Selecting a Two-Group Classification Weighting Algorithm.

The cross-validated classification accuracies of three predictor weighting strategies (least squares, ridge regression, and reduced rank) were compared under varying simulated data conditions for the two-group classification problem. Results were somewhat similar to previous findings with multiple regression when absolute rather than relative cross-validation accuracy was the criterion. The alternate weighting strategies performed better than the usual least squares algorithm in many of the data conditions, but the margin by which they surpassed least squares was in many cases quite small.

Family issues in working with chemically dependent adolescents.

The authors review research describing family dynamics in adolescent chemical abuse and dependency. Family systems theory is outlined, suggesting that family members, parents in particular, be included in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The pediatrician is viewed as having a relationship of trust with parents, being in a unique position to provide counsel, direction, and referral.

Using Categorical Variables in Discriminant Analysis.

Three methods of transforming unordered categorical response variables are described. One is a method using dummy variables. The second method, in which all categorical variables are analyzed simultaneously, is based on an eigenanalysis of frequency patterns scaled relative to within-groups variance, jointly developed by J.

Sabotaging siblings: an overlooked aspect of family therapy with drug dependent adolescents.

Successful family therapy for drug dependence on the part of an adolescent must include sensitivity to the roles that other siblings play in the family system. Therapists must be aware of the possible infectiousness of substance abuse from an older sibling to a younger sibling. The sabotaging positions and roles that siblings play in relationship to the drug abuser must receive the kind of attention in family therapy that allows a loosening of these roles.

The Study Of Effects In Manova.

A particular strategy for investigating effects resulting from a MANOVA is proposed. The strategy involves multiple two-group multivariate analyses. The two groups result from considering multivariate pairwise group contrasts or multivariate complex group contrasts.

Linear Versus Quadratic Multivariate Classification.

A linear classification rule (used with equal covariance matrices) was contrasted with a quadratic rule (used with unequal covariance matrices) for accuracy of internal and external classification. The comparisons were made for seven situations which resulted from combining conditions (equal and unequal covariance matrices, and two and three criterion groups) for different sets of real data. For the internal analysis the quadratic rule was superior to the linear rule in all seven situations.

AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF THE ACCURACY OF SELECTED MULTIVARIATE CLASSIFICATION RULES.

This study involved two phases: first, when classification was based on the calibration sample; and second, in a cross-validation setting. Computer generated data were used. Results obtained from rules based on probabilities of group membership were compared for accuracy when classifying in the discriminant space and in the predictor variable spaces.

MULTIVARIATE INDICES OF STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION.

Multivariate extensions of univariate measures of association that are employed in comparative experiments are reviewed. Two of these are generalizations of the correlation ratio, and the third is a generalization of Hays' omega. The numerical values of these three indices are empirically compared along with a fourth index, the proportion of correct classifications, using two sets of data and various numbers of predictor variables.

BRIEF REPORT: THE EQUIVALENCE OF TWO MULTIVARIATE CLASSlFICATION SCHEMES.

The equivalence of two multivariate classification schemes is shown when the sizes of the samples drawn from the populations to which assignment is required are identical. One scheme is based on posterior probabilities determined from a Bayesian density function; the second scheme is based on likelihood ratio discriminated scores. Both of these procedures involve prior probabilities; if estimates of these priors are obtained from the identical sample sizes, the equivalence follows.