Efficacy of rechallenge after first-line immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: A retrospective real-world study.

We aimed to explore the efficacy of rechallenge after first-line immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) and to analyze the factors affecting prognosis based on clinical characteristics. Eighty-five AGC patients who underwent rechallenged after the failure of first-line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were retrospectively collected from July 2019 to December 2022 in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital. Potential factors affecting prognosis were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox analysis.

A retrospective real-world study: the efficacy of immune-related combination therapies in advanced non-small cell lung cancer after resistance to EGFR-TKIs.

Background: Whether patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should choose an immune-combination therapy regimen after EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) resistance is currently unclear.

Methods: We evaluated 118 NSCLC patients treated by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) + chemotherapy (I + C), ICIs + chemotherapy + antiangiogenic therapy (I + C + A), chemotherapy + antiangiogenic therapy (C + A) after inefficacy of EGFR-TKIs. We assessed the objective remission rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS) of these treatments.

To be, or not to be: the dilemma of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer harboring various driver mutations.

Introduction: Lung cancer is one of primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cncer. For advanced lung cancer, traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapy become difficult to solve the dilemma of further progress. In recent years, with the clinical application of immunotherapy, the therapeutic strategy of lung cancer has changed dramatically.

NBDHEX re-sensitizes adriamycin-resistant breast cancer by inhibiting glutathione S-transferase pi.

Purpose: Adriamycin is a novel chemotherapeutic agent of great benefit for treating breast cancer. However, adriamycin -resistance remains a major obstacle. The vital Glutathione transferase P1 (GSTPi) inhibitor 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol (NBDHEX) has recently shown antitumor activity in various cancers.

Research Progress on Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferases in Human Cell Biology.

ADP-ribosylation is a well-established post-translational modification that is inherently connected to diverse processes, including DNA repair, transcription, and cell signaling. The crucial roles of mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mono-ARTs) in biological processes have been identified in recent years by the comprehensive use of genetic engineering, chemical genetics, and proteomics. This review provides an update on current methodological advances in the study of these modifiers.

Laparotomy-Induced Peripheral Inflammation Activates NR2B Receptors on the Brain Mast Cells and Results in Neuroinflammation in a Vagus Nerve-Dependent Manner.

: The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) remain unclear over the years. Neuroinflammation caused by surgery has been recognized as an important element in the development of POCD. Many studies also suggest that the vagus nerve plays an important role in transmitting peripheral injury signals to the central nervous system (CNS) and the resultant neuroinflammation.

RNF128 suppresses the malignancy of colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumors and causes of mortality worldwide. Ubiquitin ligase was reported to regulate multiple cellular processes, including tumorigenesis. As ubiquitin E3 ligases, RING-finger proteins play a key role in physiological and pathophysiological processes.

MicroRNA-381 in human cancer: Its involvement in tumour biology and clinical applications potential.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are involved in the development and progression of a wide range of cancers. Among such cancer-associated miRNAs, miR-381 has been a major focus of research.

Research Advances in the Role of the Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase Family in Cancer.

Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the modification of acceptor proteins, DNA, or RNA with ADP-ribose, which plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and regulating signaling pathways. The rapid development of PARP1/2 inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers has advanced research on other PARP family members for the treatment of cancer. This paper reviews the role of PARP family members (except PARP1/2 and tankyrases) in cancer and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, which will establish a molecular basis for the clinical application of PARPs in the future.

Neuroprotective Effects of Dexmedetomidine on the Ketamine-Induced Disruption of the Proliferation and Differentiation of Developing Neural Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone.

Ketamine disrupts the proliferation and differentiation of developing neural stem cells (NSCs). Therefore, the safe use of ketamine in pediatric anesthesia has been an issue of increasing concern among anesthesiologists and children's parents. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is widely used in sedation as an antianxiety agent and for analgesia.

ErbB4 in Spinal PV Interneurons Regulates Mechanical Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain via Modulation of Glycinergic Inhibitory Tone.

Background: Mechanical allodynia is the most common and challenging symptom associated with neuropathic pain; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ErbB4, a receptor for neuregulin-1 (NRG1), participates in the modulation of mechanical allodynia.

Methods: Radiant heat and von Frey filaments were applied to assess nociceptive behaviors.

Neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells: novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which plays a major role in the body's immune response to stress. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems. As first responders to stress, mast cells can initiate, amplify and prolong neuroimmune responses upon activation.

Exosomal miR-409-3p secreted from activated mast cells promotes microglial migration, activation and neuroinflammation by targeting Nr4a2 to activate the NF-κB pathway.

Objective: Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in central nervous system diseases. Exosomal miRNAs released from various cells are implicated in cell-to-cell communication. Prior studies have placed substantial emphasis on the role of cytokines in mast cell-microglia interactions during neuroinflammation.

Lipid metabolism-related proteins of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI) domain containing family proteins in cancer.

Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells plays a critical role in the tumor microenvironment, including disorder of lipid metabolism. Recently, lipid metabolism has received increasing attention in cancer research. The proteins of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI) domain containing family contains 6 proteins.

In Vitro and in Vivo Efficacy of NBDHEX on Gefitinib-resistant Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Gefitinib, a first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), is recommended for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who harbor activating EGFR mutations. However, the tumors of most patients initially sensitive to gefitinib will develop resistance within several months of therapy. Drug resistance is a major obstacle to NSCLC treatment.

Role and mechanism of miR-187 in human cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotides in length, and involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs play fundamental roles in many biological processes such as the development and progression of tumors. In this review, we briefly describe the expression of miR-187 in various types of cancer and discuss the role of miR-187 in cancer development and drug resistance.

Histamine 2/3 receptor agonists alleviate perioperative neurocognitive disorders by inhibiting microglia activation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway in aged rats.

Background: Microglia, the principal sentinel immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an extensively vital role in neuroinflammation and perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Histamine, a potent mediator of inflammation, can both promote and prevent microglia-related neuroinflammation by activating different histamine receptors. Rat microglia express four histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R), among which the histamine 1 and 4 receptors can promote microglia activation, whereas the role and cellular mechanism of the histamine 2 and 3 receptors have not been elucidated.

Upper airway obstruction during extubation after general anesthesia, in a patient with Parkinson disease: A case report.

Rationale: Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition often suffered by the elderly. Upper airway obstruction, though rare in patients with PD, can be life threatening and is associated with vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal spasm, and dystonia of jaw and neck muscles.

Patient Concerns: We describe a life-threatening upper airway obstruction caused by bilateral vocal cord paralysis, in an elderly man with PD, during extubation after general anesthesia.

CRNDE: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in cancers.

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) is a long non-coding RNA which has been proved upregulated in various cancers. Meanwhile, CRNDE has been demonstrated to be involved in multiple biological processes of different cancers according to previous study. Moreover, recent studies suggested CRNDE might be a potential diagnostic biomarker and prognostic predictor due to its high sensitivity and specificity in cancer tissues and plasma.

The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus.

Neuroinflammation contributes to or even causes central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and its regulation is thus crucial for brain disorders. Mast cells (MCs) and microglia, two resident immune cells in the brain, together with astrocytes, play critical roles in the progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases. MCs have been demonstrated as one of the fastest responders, and they release prestored and newly synthesized mediators including histamine, -tryptase, and heparin.

EGFR E746-A750 deletion in lung cancer represses antitumor immunity through the exosome-mediated inhibition of dendritic cells.

EGFR-mutant lung cancer (LC) patients display a poor response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In the absence of independent genetic validation, whether EGFR mutation distorts host antitumor immunity is unknown. Here, we showed that in the clinic, LC with the E746-A750 deletion mutation (EGFR-19del) displayed a temporal association with the loss of intratumoral CD8+ T cells.

Functions and mechanisms of miR-186 in human cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Mounting evidence suggests the involvement of miRNAs in carcinogenesis and the development of human cancer. Among the miRNAs, miR-186 has been extensively studied in various cancers.