Development of a competitive ELISA based on the LSDV A33 antigen.

Goatpoxvirus (GTPV), sheeppoxvius (SPPV), and the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a Capripoxvirus belonging to the family poxviridae. They can cause significant economic losses in countries where this disease are endemic. However, effective and convenient diagnostic tools against sera antibody are not readily available until now.

Computational Investigation of a Reversible Energy Storage Medium in g-BN Decorated by Lithium.

Graphene-like materials in two dimensions hold great promise for energy storage and transformation applications owing to their distinctive features, such as lightweight composition, porous geometry, etc. Among these materials, a recently discovered unit known as g-BN has demonstrated high performance in energy storage and transformation. In our efforts to enhance its applicability in adsorbing energy gases, we propose a novel composite structure by decorating Li atoms on the surface of pristine g-BN.

Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism.

Background: Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction are two closely related endocrine diseases. Increasing evidences show that gut microbiota plays an important role in both glucose metabolism and thyroid homeostasis. Meanwhile, copy number variation (CNV) of host salivary -amylase gene (AMY1) has been shown to correlate with glucose homeostasis.

Emerging evidence for poxvirus-mediated unfolded protein response: Lumpy skin disease virus maintains self-replication by activating PERK and IRE1 signaling.

The monkeypox epidemic has attracted global attention to poxviruses. The cytoplasmic replication of poxviruses requires extensive protein synthesis, challenging the capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the role of the ER in the life cycle of poxviruses is unclear.

Evaluation of antibody responses against the whole virions of goatpox and sheeppox viruses after subcutaneous immunization of rabbits.

Antibody development is the integral process of generating and characterizing an antibody. It commences by inoculating the antigen of interest into laboratory animals, allowing the immune system develops large quantities of antibodies. This was aimed at developing antibodies against the virion of Goatpox and Sheeppox virus vaccines.

The Infection of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus SA14-14-2 Strain Induces Lethal Peripheral Inflammatory Responses in IFNAR Deficiency Mice.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a leading cause of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis worldwide. Clinical symptoms other than encephalitis, on the other hand, are substantially more prevalent with JEV infection, demonstrating the relevance of peripheral pathophysiology. We studied the peripheral immunopathogenesis of JEV using IFNAR deficient (IFNAR) mice infected with the SA14-14-2 strain under the BSL-2.

Identification and screening of host proteins interacting with ORFV-ORF047 protein.

Background: Orf virus (ORFV) is a member of the genus Parapoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The virus has a worldwide distribution and infects sheep, goats, humans, and wild animals. However, due to the complex structure of the poxvirus, the underlying mechanism of the entry and infection by ORFV remains largely unknown.

The association between gut microbiota composition and BMI in Chinese male college students, as analysed by next-generation sequencing.

Altered gut microbial ecology contributes to the development of metabolic diseases including obesity. However, studies based on different populations have generated conflicting results due to diet, environment, methodologies, etc. The aim of our study was to explore the association between gut microbiota and BMI in Chinese college students.

[Regulating effect of ORF128 on NF-κB signaling pathway of HEK293T cells and its mechanism].

Objective To elucidate the regulating effect of orf virus (ORFV) encoded ORF128 on NF-κB signaling pathway during the infection of HEK293T cells with ORFV and the underlying mechanism. Methods The ORF128 DNA sequences from ORFV/QH02/2010 strain were constructed into eukaryotic expression vectors pCMV-tag2B and pEGFP-N1. During viral infection of cells, the level of ORF128 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR and the subcellular localization of ORF128 protein by laser confocal microscopy.

The cGas-Sting Signaling Pathway Is Required for the Innate Immune Response Against Ectromelia Virus.

Activation of the DNA-dependent innate immune pathway plays a pivotal role in the host defense against poxvirus. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key cytosolic DNA sensor that produces the cyclic dinucleotide cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) upon activation, which triggers stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to type I Interferons (IFNs) production and an antiviral response. Ectromelia virus (ECTV) has emerged as a valuable model for investigating the host-Orthopoxvirus relationship.

Ectromelia virus upregulates the expression of heat shock protein 70 to promote viral replication.

The ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a mouse specific Orthopoxvirus that causes lethal infection in some mouse strains. ECTV infection of these mouse strains has been used as a valuable model for understanding the interplay between Orthopoxvirus species and their hosts, including variola virus in humans. Although poxviruses encode numerous proteins required for DNA and RNA synthesis, and are less dependent on host functions than other DNA viruses, a detailed understanding of the host factors required for the replication of poxviruses is lacking.

DDX5 RNA Helicases: Emerging Roles in Viral Infection.

Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD)-box polypeptide 5 (DDX5), also called p68, is a prototypical member of the large ATP-dependent RNA helicases family and is known to participate in all aspects of RNA metabolism ranging from transcription to translation, RNA decay, and miRNA processing. The roles of DDX5 in cell cycle regulation, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, cancer development, adipogenesis, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, and viral infection have been established. Several RNA viruses have been reported to hijack DDX5 to facilitate various steps of their replication cycles.

Comparison of Host Gene Expression Profiles in Spleen Tissues of Genetically Susceptible and Resistant Mice during ECTV Infection.

Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, has emerged as a valuable model for investigating the host- relationship as it relates to pathogenesis and the immune response. ECTV is a mouse-specific virus and causes high mortality in susceptible mice strains, including BALB/c and C3H, whereas C57BL/6 and 129 strains are resistant to the disease. To understand the host genetic factors in different mouse strains during the ECTV infection, we carried out a microarray analysis of spleen tissues derived from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively, at 3 and 10 days after ECTV infection.

Monoclonal and oligoclonal TCR AV and BV gene usage in CD4 T cells from pigs immunised with C-strain CSFV vaccine.

The classical swine fever virus C-strain vaccine (C-strain vaccine) plays a vital role in preventing and controlling the spread of classical swine fever (CSF). However, the protective mechanisms of C-strain vaccine and cellular immunity conferred by T cell receptors (TCRs) are less well defined. We aimed to analyse the association between the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratype of αβTCR in CD4 T cells and C-strain vaccine; and to find conserved CDR3 amino acid motifs in specific TCR α- and β-chains.

Development of a SYBR Green I real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of orthopoxvirus by using Ectromelia virus.

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is the causative agent of mousepox, which has devastating effects in laboratory-mouse colonies and causes economic loss in biomedical research. More importantly, ECTV has been extensively used as an excellent model for studies of the pathogenesis and immunobiology of human smallpox. A rapid and sensitive SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR assay was developed and used for the detection and quantitation of orthopoxvirus by using ECTV in this study.

Transcriptome analysis of sheep oral mucosa response to Orf virus infection.

Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease with worldwide distribution, which is caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) belonging to the Parapoxvirus. To study the alteration of host gene expression in response to ORFV infection at the transcriptional level, several young small-tailed Han sheep were inoculated with ORFV, and their oral mucosa tissue samples (T0, T3, T7 and T15) were collected on day 0, 3, 7 and 15 after ORFV infection respectively. RNA-seq transcriptome comparisons were performed, showing that 1928, 3219 and 2646 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among T3 vs.

Analysis of the CDR3 length repertoire and the diversity of T cell receptor α and β chains in swine CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.

The T cell receptor (TCR) is a complex heterodimer that recognizes fragments of antigens as peptides and binds to major histocompatibility complex molecules. The TCR α and β chains possess three hypervariable regions termed complementarity determining regions (CDR1, 2 and 3). CDR3 is responsible for recognizing processed antigen peptides.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of murine toll‑like receptor 8.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and evoke the relevant innate immune responses. TLR8 is a member of several endosome nucleic acid-sensing TLRs; however little attention has been paid to murine TLR8 (mTLR8) compared with other endosome nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. In the present study, mTLR8 was cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its function in regulating innate immune response was characterized.

[Molecular structural characteristics and the functions of mouse DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors].

Objective: To study the structural characteristics of the mouse DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors (DAI) and its related molecular mechanism in anti-viral innate immune responses and signal transduction.

Methods: The coding sequence of mouse DAI gene was amplified from splenic mononuclear cells by reverse transcription-PCR, and the genetic evolution and molecular structure of the mouse DAI gene were analyzed by bioinformatics softwares. After mouse DAI was stimulated by poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC), the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) promoter-driven luciferase activity were detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay system.

[Progress on host range factors and their mechanisms of poxvirus].

Poxvirus is one of the most serious zoonosis pathogens, which has largest genome and broadest host spectrum. With the development of molecular biology, functional genomics, and immunology-related technology, the interactions between pathogen and the host, particularly a large array of host range factors and their functions have been increasingly discovered. These findings provide references for the molecular basis of poxvirus tissue tropism and host specificity.

Adjuvant effect enhancement of porcine interleukin-2 packaged into solid lipid nanoparticles.

In this paper, we investigated the enhancement of adjuvant effects of porcine IL-2 (pIL-2) by packaging it into a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) delivery system. SLN-pIL-2 was prepared using hydrogenated castor oil and Polylactide-co-glycolide by double emulsion solvent evaporation methods (w/o/w). In animal trials, BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen combined with the SLN-pIL-2 adjuvant on days 0 and 14.

Infection of mouse bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells with classical swine fever virus C-strain promotes cells maturation and lymphocyte proliferation.

In this study, the interactions of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) C-strain and the virulent GSLZ strain with mouse bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells (BM-imDCs) were investigated for the first time. Both the C-strain and the virulent GSLZ strain could effectively infect and replicate in mouse BM-imDCs. C-strain-infected BM-imDCs showed a greatly enhanced degree of maturation, and could effectively promote the expansion and proliferation of allogeneic naive T cells.

Fluorescent protein-based detection of φC31 integrase activity in mammalian cells.

The enzyme φC31 integrase from Streptomyces phage has been documented as functional in mammalian cells and, therefore, has the potential to be a powerful gene manipulation tool. However, the activity of this enzyme is cell-type dependent. The more active mutant forms of φC31 integrase are required.

[Innate immune recognition of the pathogenic parasites by toll-like receptors].

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as major receptor components of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are responsible for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-derived pathogenic parasites. This recognition triggers the secretion of a large amount of type I interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and maturation of immune cells, for effective host defense by eradicating infectious parasites. Both the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and the TIR domain containing the adaptor molecule (TRIF) are involved in these signaling pathways.