The Glucose Sensor MdHXK1 Phosphorylates a Tonoplast Na/H Exchanger to Improve Salt Tolerance.

Glc regulates many vital processes, including plant growth, development, metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the molecular mechanism by which Glc acts as a signal to regulate salinity tolerance remains unclear. In this study, we found that the apple ( Borkh.

[Evaluation of zinc deficiency tolerance in different kinds of apple rootstocks].

The objective of this study was to screen and evaluate the zinc deficiency tolerance among eight apple rootstocks, i.e., Malus baccata, M.

Genomewide identification and expression analysis of the ARF gene family in apple.

Auxin response factors (ARF) are transcription factors that regulate auxin responses in plants. Although the genomewide analysis of this family has been performed in some species, little is known regarding ARF genes in apple (Malus domestica). In this study, 31 putative apple ARF genes have been identified and located within the apple genome.

The transcriptional response of apple alcohol acyltransferase (MdAAT2) to salicylic acid and ethylene is mediated through two apple MYB TFs in transgenic tobacco.

Volatile esters are major factors affecting the aroma of apple fruits, and alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) are key enzymes involved in the last steps of ester biosynthesis. The expression of apple AAT (MdAAT2) is known to be induced by salicylic acid (SA) or ethylene in apple fruits, although the mechanism of its transcriptional regulation remains elusive. In this study, we reveal that two apple transcription factors (TFs), MdMYB1 and MdMYB6, are involved in MdAAT2 promoter response to SA and ethylene in transgenic tobacco.

A dsRNA-binding protein MdDRB1 associated with miRNA biogenesis modifies adventitious rooting and tree architecture in apple.

Although numerous miRNAs have been already isolated from fruit trees, knowledge about miRNA biogenesis is largely unknown in fruit trees. Double-strand RNA-binding (DRB) protein plays an important role in miRNA processing and maturation; however, its role in the regulation of economically important traits is not clear yet in fruit trees. EST blast and RACE amplification were performed to isolate apple MdDRB1 gene.

Molecular cloning of cryptochrome 1 from apple and its functional characterization in Arabidopsis.

Cryptochromes are blue-light photoreceptors involved in regulating many aspects of plant growth and development. Investigations of cryptochromes in plants have largely focused on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), rice (Oryza sativa) and pea (Pisum sativum). Here, we isolated the cryptochrome 1 gene from apple (Malus domestica) (MdCRY1) and analyzed its function in transgenic Arabidopsis.

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a blue light receptor gene MdCRY2 from apple (Malus domestica).

MdCRY2 was isolated from apple fruit skin, and its function was analyzed in MdCRY2 transgenic Arabidopsis. The interaction between MdCRY2 and AtCOP1 was found by yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays. Cryptochromes are blue/ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light receptors involved in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development.

MdCOP1 ubiquitin E3 ligases interact with MdMYB1 to regulate light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and red fruit coloration in apple.

MdMYB1 is a crucial regulator of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in apple (Malus domestica). In this study, it was found that MdMYB1 protein accumulated in the light but degraded via a ubiquitin-dependent pathway in the dark. Subsequently, the MdCOP1-1 and MdCOP1-2 genes were isolated from apple fruit peel and were functionally characterized in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cop1-4 mutant.

[Effects of exogenous NO3- on cherry root function and enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism under hypoxia stress].

A water culture experiment with controlled dissolved oxygen concentration was conducted to explore the effects of exogenous NO3- on the root function and enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism of cherry (Prunun cerasus x P. canescens) seedlings under hypoxia stress. Comparing with the control (7.

Simultaneous determination of 346 multiresidue pesticides in grapes by PSA-MSPD and GC-MS-SIM.

The article demonstrates a method of simultaneous determination for 352 pesticide residues in grapes using primary-secondary amine (PSA) matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM). Grape samples (15 g) were mixed with 6 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.5 g of sodium chloride, and then extracted with acetonitrile (15 mL) and cleaned up with 0.

[Responses of primary photochemical reactions in apple fruit peel to the changes of incident PFD and air temperature in sunny days].

Taking Malus domestica Borkh as test object, this paper studied the primary photochemical reactions and xanthophyll cycle in its fruit peel in response to the diurnal changes of incident photon flux density (PFD) and air temperature in sunny days. With the increase of PFD and air temperature in a daily cycle, a severe photo-inhibition of the primary photochemical reactions in M. domestica fruit peel occurred from 12:00 to 14:00.

Ectopic expression of a hyacinth AGL6 homolog caused earlier flowering and homeotic conversion in Arabidopsis.

MADS-box genes are involved in floral organ development. Here we report that an AGL6(Agamous-like 6)-like MADS-box gene, HoAGL6, was isolated from Hyacinthus orientalis L. Expression pattern analysis demonstrated that HoAGL6 transcript was detected in inflorescence buds, tepals, carpels and ovules, but not in stamina, leaves or scales.

[Changes in glycosidases and cellulase activities, and cell wall composition in strawberry fruits during development and ripening].

Experiments were carried out with two strawberry (Fragaria x nanassa Duch.) cultivars Fengxiang and Hongfeng, with different softening characteristics during growth, ripening and postharvest storage. The fruits were harvested at different stages of growth and ripening, as assessed by size and the coloration of the surface of the fruits.

Salicylic acid, ethephon, and methyl jasmonate enhance ester regeneration in 1-MCP-treated apple fruit after long-term cold storage.

Volatile esters, primarily synthesized in peel tissues, are major aromatic components of apple fruits [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var.

Potential polyphenol markers of phase change in apple (Malus domestica).

In order to identify potential biochemical markers that can be used as indicators for phase change, the dynamics of polyphenolic compounds across apple seedlings (Malus domestica, Jonathan x Golden Delicious) were analyzed in this study by high performance liquid chromatography. Precocious flowering was induced by foliar sprays of plant growth regulators. Qualitative changes in the concentration of polyphenols were observed at node nos.

Expression of MaMAPK gene in seedlings of Malus L. under water stress.

Seedlings of three species of Malus were used to study the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in response to water stress: Malus hupehensis, a drought-sensitive species; Malus sieversii, a drought-tolerant species; and Malus micromalus, a middle type. Results showed that Malus MAPK (MaMAPK, GenBank accession No. AF435805) was expressed in both roots and leaves of seedlings of the three Malus species treated with 20% polyethylene glycol for different time periods.

Colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3.

Inoculation of the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RQRT-PCR) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the AM fungus revealed an up-regulation of VCH3 transcripts.

Isolation and characterization of a chitinase gene VCH3 promoter from grapevine (Vitis amurensis).

The 1216-bp 5' upstream region of the gene encoding a class III chitinase VCH3 was isolated from grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) by adaptor-PCR (GenBank accession number AF441123), and the transcriptional start site of the VCH3 gene was identified by primer extension, which corresponds to the second A in the DNA sequence 5'-ATCAAGCAC-3'. Sequence analysis revealed that the VCH3 promoter sequence contains CAAT and TATA motifs that are located at the -122 and -29 nucleotide upstream of the transcriptional start site, respectively.

[Indole butyric acid activates Ca2+-ATPase in Malus hupehensis Rhed. roots by protein phosphorylation].

The effect of IBA on protein kinase and Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of Malus hupehensis Rhed. roots were studied by adding 3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), a protein kinase inhibitor, and IBA into the Hagland nutrient solution at different time. The results showed that membrane protein phosphorylation in roots occurred mainly on the serine residues.

[Identifying the S genotypes of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars].

This report identified S-RNase genes (S genes) of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), presented the sequences of S genes by using a pair of specific primers PruC2 and PruC4R based on the conserved regions C2 and RC4 of Rosaceous S-RNase genes and researched the S gene specific products from the genomic DNAs of different cultivars in which most of the S genotypese were unknown. The bands of PCR were cloned and their sequences were compared in GenBank.