A multiple modulation synthesis method with high spatial resolution for noninvasive neurostimulation.

Noninvasive neurostimulation plays a pivotal role in the direct control of neural circuits and the modulation of neuronal function. However, it is difficult to balance both spatial resolution and penetration depth when stimulating deep neurons. Here, we designed a multiple (time-division, frequency and polarity) modulation synthesis (MMS) method for noninvasively stimulating deep neurons with low-frequency envelopes.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese pediatric voice handicap index.

Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of pediatric voice handicap index (pVHI).

Material And Methods: The original English version-pVHI was translated into Chinese. Parents of 52 children with voice dysphonia and 43 children with no history or symptoms of voice problems were asked to fill the Chinese pVHI questionnaires twice with an interval of 2 weeks.

Survival in Vivo Canine Phonation Model Without Stimulation.

Objectives: We describe a survival nonstimulated in vivo canine phonation model using distending laryngoscope, cramp frame, and constant humidified glottal airflow to elicit phonation.

Methods: Five beagle dogs were involved in this study. One cuffed endotracheal tube was placed below the glottis through the tracheotomy and delivered humidified airflow to the glottis.