Quantitative profiling of integrin αvβ3 on single cells with quantum dot labeling to reveal the phenotypic heterogeneity of glioblastoma.

The distribution, localization and density of individual molecules (e.g. drug-specific receptors) on single cells can offer profound information about cell phenotypes.

Single mutation at the amino acid position 627 of PB2 that leads to increased virulence of an H5N1 avian influenza virus during adaptation in mice can be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2.

To understand the adaptation of H5N1 influenza viruses to mammals, a non-pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus (HN021) in mice was passaged for 15 times in mammalian host. Animal experimental results indicated that the mouse-adapted (MA) variants became highly pathogenic in mice after the passages. Sequence analysis showed that there was one amino acid substitution in PB2 protein of MA mutants after first passage (MA1), three amino acid substitutions in PB2 protein of MA5 and one amino acid in M1 protein, seven amino acids in HA protein and seven amino acids in PB2 protein of MA15, respectively.