Research progress on ecological adaptation and prevention of on the surface of cultural relics.

Cultural relics as the crystallization of human history are non-renewable and irreplaceable resources. Microorganisms are widely colonized on ancient wall paintings, stone cultural relics, and other types of cultural heritages to cause harm. The dominant disease fungus, , is extensively distributed and can seriously threaten the long-term preservation of precious cultural heritage due to surviving in various cultural relics and extreme environments.

Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of different environmental stress-induced tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine disinfection.

Although drinking water disinfection proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate many pathogens, bacteria can still show disinfection tolerance in drinking water distribution systems. To date, the molecular mechanisms on how environmental stress affects the tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine are not well understood. Here, we investigated how three stress conditions, namely starvation, low temperature, and starvation combined with low temperature, affected the monochloramine tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in drinking water distribution systems.

How to teach genetic drift.

Genetic drift is one of the four important factors affecting population genetic balance. Because its form of action is not as apparent as mutation, selection, and migration, which are intuitive and easy to understand, there are potential difficulties in understanding and mastering genetic drift. A particularly prominent problem is that the current introduction of genetic drift contents in textbooks is systematically insufficient.

Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin systems acting through post-translational modifications.

The post-translational modification (PTM) serves as an important molecular switch mechanism to modulate diverse biological functions in response to specific cues. Though more commonly found in eukaryotic cells, many PTMs have been identified and characterized in bacteria over the past decade, highlighting the importance of PTMs in regulating bacterial physiology. Several bacterial PTM enzymes have been characterized to function as the toxin component of type II TA systems, which consist of a toxin that inhibits cell growth and an antitoxin that protects the cell from poisoning by the toxin.

Abundance and morphology of charcoal in sediments provide no evidence of massive slash-and-burn agriculture during the Neolithic Kuahuqiao culture, China.

It remains debatable whether slash-and-burn practices were adopted in rice cultivation by the Neolithic Kuahuqiao culture in the Ningshao Plain, one of the birthplaces of rice farming. Here, we established charcoal-based indices to reconstruct the history of fire and vegetation in the Ningshao Plain since the last glacial period. We collected representative modern vegetation and conducted combustion and fragmentation experiments to simulate fire and depositional processes, respectively.

[Research progress on the bioweathering and controlling of stone cultural relics].

The bioweathering of stone cultural relics is a ubiquitous problem. Weathering prevention is an escalating challenge under the increasing global climate and environmental changes. Here, the mechanisms of lichen-microorganism mediated weathering of stone materials and their relationships with climatic and environmental factors were reviewed.

[How to deduce the seven basic class asci of ordered tetrads in Neurospora].

Genetic analysis is an important part of undergraduate genetics teaching and tetrad analysis is unique and integral for genetic analysis of fungi. The ordered tetrad in Neurospora is an important material for genetic analysis, which can not only be used to study recombination between genes and centromeres, but also between genes themselves, as well as study the fine cross patterns between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. However, in textbooks and related professional journals, there is a lack of specific introduction to the induction methods of the seven basic class asci used in two genes analysis.

[Effects of fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Elymus nutans roots].

By using traditional staining and DNA cloning and sequencing techniques, this paper studied the effects of fertilization on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and AM fungal community in Elymus nutans roots across an 8-year nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization gradient. With the increasing level of fertilization, the AM colonization and arbuscular colonization per unit root length reduced from 67.5% to 7.

Analysis of the composition and characteristics of culturable endophytic bacteria within subnival plants of the Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China.

This study first described the composition and characteristics of culturable endophytic bacteria isolated from wild alpine-subnival plant species growing under extreme environmental conditions (i.e., on the border of a glacier with frequently fluctuating and freezing temperatures, strong wind, and high ultraviolet radiation).

[Systematic classification and community research techniques of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review].

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important component of natural ecosystem, being able to form symbiont with plant roots. The traditional AMF classification is mainly based on the morphological identification of soil asexual spores, which has some limitations in the taxonomy of AMF. Advanced molecular techniques make the classification of AMF more accurate and scientific, and can improve the taxonomy of AMF established on the basis of morphological identification.

[Seasonal variation and related affecting factors of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Caragana korshinskii roots].

With the combination of root staining and PCR-DGGE, the seasonal variation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Caragana korshinskii roots was investigated; and by the methods of principal component analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, the relationships between this variation and soil factors were analyzed. It was found that the total infection rate of AMF and the infection rates of arbuscules and vesicles in C. korshinskii roots as well as the spore density of AMF in soil varied significantly among seasons.