Expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver family genes during embryogenesis: an evolutionary developmental analysis among Drosophila, amphioxus, and zebrafish.

Background: Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family is classified as class IVa of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP4A) that removes phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. PRL phosphatases have been implicated in a number of tumorigenesis and metastasis processes and are highly conserved. However, the understanding of PRL expression profiles during embryonic development is very limited.

Synthesis and pharmacological exploitation of clioquinol-derived copper-binding apoptosis inducers triggering reactive oxygen species generation and MAPK pathway activation.

In the present study, we carried out Mannich-type reaction to synthesize clioquinol-derived 7-methyl-arylsulfonylpiperazine analogs with improved growth-inhibitory effects. 11 bearing 5-nitro group on the quinoline ring exhibited 26-fold more potent than that of clioquinol against HeLa cells with a GI(50) value of 0.71 microM.