Atherosclerosis, a major cause of carotid artery stenosis, has a high correlation to stroke, which may induce transient ischemic attack (TIA) and/or permanent brain damage. The main treatment of carotid artery stenosis includes medication, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), and carotid artery stenting (CAS). However, when artery stenosis becomes severe, CEA or CAS is the most-often recommended intervention.
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