Bcl2 regulates store-operated Ca entry to modulate ER stress-induced apoptosis.

Ca plays a significant role in linking the induction of apoptosis. The key anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, has been reported to regulate the movement of Ca across the ER membrane, but the exact effect of Bcl-2 on Ca levels remains controversial. Store-operated Ca entry (SOCE), a major mode of Ca uptake in non-excitable cells, is activated by depletion of Ca in the ER.

Riboflavin-ultraviolet-A-induced collagen cross-linking treatments in improving dentin bonding.

Objectives: To evaluate the collagen cross-linkers, riboflavin-ultraviolet-A (RF/UVA) and glutaraldehyde, with regard to their efficacy in cross-linking the dentinal collagen and improving dentin bonding.

Methods: Glutaraldehyde and different RF/UVA protocols (0.1%RF/1-minUV, 0.

Simultaneous amino acid substitutions at antigenic sites drive influenza A hemagglutinin evolution.

The HA1 domain of HA, the major antigenic protein of influenza A viruses, contains all of the antigenic sites of HA and is under continual immune-driven selection. To resolve controversies on whether only a few or many residue sites of HA1 have undergone positive selection, whether positive selection at HA1 is continual or punctuated, and whether antigenic change is punctuated, we introduce an approach to analyze 2,248 HA1 sequences collected from 1968 to 2005. We identify 95 substitutions at 63 sites from 1968 to 2005 and show that each substitution occurred very rapidly.