Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign epithelial proliferative disease with a high recurrence rate. The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the pathogenesis of SNIP remains unclear. EMT marker expression is elevated in SNIP tissues and is associated with its recurrence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an upper respiratory disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the nasal mucosa. However, the mechanism of abnormal Mucin5AC expression by CRSwNP epithelial cells is not fully understood.
Objective: We investigated the potential role of yes-associated protein (YAP) underlying the mechanism of excessive epithelial Mucin5AC expression in CRSwNP in a hypoxic model.
Tight junction (TJ) proteins establish a physical barrier between epithelial cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by safeguarding host tissues against pathogens, allergens, antigens, irritants, etc. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of TJs plays an essential role in the development and progression of inflammatory airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps. Among them, CRS with nasal polyps is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to a poor prognosis and significantly impacting patients' quality of life.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an upper airway inflammation disease associated with hypoxia-mediated inflammation. The effect of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) on NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of sinonasal mucosa is unclear.
Objective: We investigated the effect and mechanism of HIF-1α on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs).
Our previous study revealed that prolonged human rhinovirus (HRV) infection rapidly induces antiviral interferons (IFNs) and chemokines during the acute stage of infection. It also showed that expression levels of RIG-I and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were sustained in tandem with the persistent expression of HRV RNA and HRV proteins at the late stage of the 14-day infection period. Some studies have explored the protective effects of initial acute HRV infection on secondary influenza A virus (IAV) infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: The abnormal expression of tight junction (TJ) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, there is no appropriate tool to distinguish and diagnose epithelial barrier defects in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of claudin-3 for epithelial barrier dysfunction in CRSwNP.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVirtually all living cells are encased in glycans. They perform key cellular functions such as immunomodulation and cell-cell recognition. Yet, how their composition and configuration affect their functions remains enigmatic.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: Radiotherapy (RT) is the mainstay treatment for head and neck cancers. However, chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and inflammation have been commonly reported in patients post-RT. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are frequently associated with asthma exacerbations, and have been found in the airways of asthmatic patients. While HRV-induced acute infection is well-documented, it is less clear whether the nasal epithelium sustains prolonged HRV infections along with the associated activation of host immune responses.
Objective: To investigate sustainably regulated host responses of human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) during HRV persistence.
Background: Nasal inverted papilloma (NIP) is defined based on its histological characteristic of inverted epithelium growth into the stroma. The inversion can result in epithelial growth in the underlying connective tissue stroma when the basement membrane completely separates from the epithelial layer. To date, such inversion mechanism underlying NIP's pathological phenomenon is unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Epithelial cytokines including IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TLSP) are recently established as drivers of type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Here, we further confirmed the increased expression of IL-25 in CRSwNP and investigated potential contributors of IL-25 in CRSwNP epithelium.
Methods: Sixty CRSwNP, 25 CRSsNP and 15 healthy control tissues were examined for IL-25 expression and for the accompanying type 2 inflammatory cytokines.
Mucus secretion and its composition are vital in the maintenance of airway health, among which hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are thought to be involved in the regulation of mucin synthesis and regulation. Nasal mucus composition difference between healthy individuals and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients may contribute to the pathology of chronic nasal diseases, but so far, their role has yet to be completely understood. Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 24 healthy subjects and 99 patients with CRS without (CRSsNP, n=36) or with (CRSwNP, n=63) nasal polyps.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe early interactions between the nasal epithelial layer and the innate immune cells during viral infections remains an under-explored area. The significance of innate immunity signaling in viral infections has increased substantially as patients with respiratory infections who exhibit high innate T cell activation show a better disease outcome. Hence, dissecting these early innate immune interactions allows the elucidation of the processes that govern them and may facilitate the development of potential therapeutic targets and strategies for dampening or even preventing early progression of viral infections.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Respiratory viral infections are one of the main drivers of development and exacerbation for chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Increased viral susceptibility and impaired mucociliary clearance are often associated with chronic airway inflammatory diseases and served as risk factors of exacerbations. However, the links between viral susceptibility, viral clearance, and impaired mucociliary functions are unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTight junctions (TJs) are intercellular structures which are essential for epithelial barrier function and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. Epithelium dysfunction and type-2-skewed inflammation are two main pathological phenomena of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the effect of pro-inflammatory type-2 cytokine IL-13 on TJs in CRSwNP is poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmune sensor proteins are critical to the function of the human innate immune system. The full repertoire of cognate triggers for human immune sensors is not fully understood. Here, we report that human NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 1 (NLRP1) is activated by 3C proteases (3Cpros) of enteroviruses, such as human rhinovirus (HRV).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Squamous metaplasia (SM) is an irreversible form of airway epithelial remodeling. Hyperproliferation of basal cells was observed in squamous metaplastic epithelium of chronically inflamed airway. However, the association of such aberrant proliferation of basal cells with SM in the nasal epithelium after radiation damage remains unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Purpose: Chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and inflammation is common in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) post chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). Whether it is due to intrinsic (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRespiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggravates disease symptoms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTight junctions (TJs) alteration is commonly seen in airway inflammatory diseases. Oncostatin M (OSM) is an inflammatory mediator associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). We have previously shown that human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) are highly permissive cells for influenza A virus (IAV).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the commonest cause of the common cold. While HRV is less pathogenic than other respiratory viruses, it is frequently associated with exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases such as rhinosinusitis and asthma. Nasal epithelial cells are the first sites of viral contact, immune initiation, and airway interconnectivity, but there are limited studies on HRV infection of nasal epithelial cells.
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