Effects of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors on Serum Chloride Concentrations in Patients with Heart Failure.

Background And Aims: In the past few years, some reports have shown that serum chloride concentration is a more powerful prognostic predictor than serum sodium levels in heart failure (HF). Elevated Na/Cl ratio has shown to be independently associated with all-cause death in acute HF. We evaluated changes in serum chloride concentrations and Na/Cl ratio in correlation with various clinical factors during 12 months of follow-up in patients in whom SGLT2is were initiated as part of HF therapy.

Hikikomori silent epidemic: a case study.

Psychiatry, as we know it, is at a crucial point because it needs to adapt to the modern time and still maintain the integrity and ethic aspects of the therapeutic alliance. Bearing in mind the rising prevalence of addictions like Internet and online gaming addictions, one can see that, however, disputed, there is a whole new category of psychiatric illnesses on the rise. An example of these kinds of illnesses is Hikikomori.