Prevalence and treatment of common mental disorders in the English national population, 1993-2007.

Background: The National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys include English cross-sectional household samples surveyed in 1993, 2000 and 2007.

Aims: To evaluate frequency of common mental disorders (CMDs), service contact and treatment.

Method: Common mental disorders were identified with the Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R).

How do child and adolescent mental health problems influence public sector costs? Interindividual variations in a nationally representative British sample.

Background: Policy and practice guidelines emphasize that responses to children and young people with poor mental health should be tailored to needs, but little is known about the impact on costs. We investigated variations in service-related public sector costs for a nationally representative sample of children in Britain, focusing on the impact of mental health problems.

Methods: Analysis of service uses data and associated costs for 2461 children aged 5-15 from the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys.

Physical illness in looked-after children: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: To compare the reported point prevalence of chronic physical illness among children looked after by local authorities with those living in their own homes.

Design: Cross-sectional study, using questionnaire data from a national survey.

Setting: The UK.

The structure of paranoia in the general population.

Background: Psychotic phenomena appear to form a continuum with normal experience and beliefs, and may build on common emotional interpersonal concerns.

Aims: We tested predictions that paranoid ideation is exponentially distributed and hierarchically arranged in the general population, and that persecutory ideas build on more common cognitions of mistrust, interpersonal sensitivity and ideas of reference.

Method: Items were chosen from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) questionnaire and the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire in the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity (n = 8580), to test a putative hierarchy of paranoid development using confirmatory factor analysis, latent class analysis and factor mixture modelling analysis.

Influence of problematic child-teacher relationships on future psychiatric disorder: population survey with 3-year follow-up.

Background: Teacher-pupil relationships have been found to mediate behavioural, social and psychological outcomes for children at different ages according to teacher and child report, but most studies have been small.

Aims: To explore later psychiatric disorder among children with problematic teacher-pupil relationships.

Method: Secondary analysis of a population-based cross-sectional survey of children aged 5-16 with a 3-year follow-up.

Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data.

Background: Approximately one in ten children aged 5-15 in Britain has a conduct, hyperactivity or emotional disorder.

Methods: The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (BCAMHS) identified children aged 5-15 with a psychiatric disorder, and their use of health, education and social care services. Service costs were estimated for each child and weighted to estimate the overall economic impact at national level.

Religion, spirituality and mental health: results from a national study of English households.

Background: Religious participation or belief may predict better mental health but most research is American and measures of spirituality are often conflated with well-being.

Aims: To examine associations between a spiritual or religious understanding of life and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses.

Method: We analysed data collected from interviews with 7403 people who participated in the third National Psychiatric Morbidity Study in England.

Ethnic inequalities in the use of health services for common mental disorders in England.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether minority ethnic people were less likely to receive treatment for mental health problems than the white population were, controlling for symptom severity.

Method: We analysed data from 23,917 participants in the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. Survey response rates were 79, 69 and 57 %, respectively.

Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder.

Loneliness can affect people at any time and for some it can be an overwhelming feeling leading to negative thoughts and feelings. The current study, based on the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England, 2007, quantified the association of loneliness with a range of specific mental disorders and tested whether the relationship was influenced by formal and informal social participation and perceived social support.Methods Using a random probability sample design,7,461 adults were interviewed in a cross-sectional national survey in England in 2007.

The relationship between personal debt and specific common mental disorders.

Background: Personal debt is now recognized as one of the many factors associated with common mental disorders (CMD). We aim to estimate the prevalence of 'specific' mental disorders based on ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria by type of debt and quantify the additional influence of addictive behaviours.

Method: A random probability sample comprising 7461 respondents were interviewed for the third national survey of psychiatric morbidity of adults in England carried out in 2007.

Physical ill health, disability, dependence and depression: results from the 2007 national survey of psychiatric morbidity among adults in England.

Background: The relationship between physical ill health, disability, and depression is not straightforward. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have clearly shown that medical illness and physical disability are strongly associated with depression.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that disability is associated with an increased prevalence of depression irrespective of physical health problems and that this is proportionate to the severity of disability (measured in terms of the number of difficulties in daily activities and the degree of dependence on others).

Increased prevalence of insomnia and changes in hypnotics use in England over 15 years: analysis of the 1993, 2000, and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys.

Study Objectives: To investigate changes over 15 years in the prevalence of insomnia and its association with demographic characteristics and hypnotic medication use.

Design: Analysis of 3 cross-sectional national mental health surveys carried out in 1993, 2000, and 2007, which used comparable sampling methods and identical insomnia assessments.

Setting: Adults living in private households in England.

The burden of caring for children with emotional or conduct disorders.

Introduction. There is a paucity of evidence from epidemiological studies on the burden of children's emotional and conduct disorders on their parents. The main purpose of this study is to describe the problems experienced by parents of children with conduct and emotional disorders using data from a large national study on the mental health of children and young people in Great Britain.

Insomnia, worry, anxiety and depression as predictors of the occurrence and persistence of paranoid thinking.

Purpose: Our theoretical model proposes that insomnia, worry, and negative affect are important determinants of paranoid thinking. Anxiety produces anticipation of threat, depression increases the sense of vulnerability, worry leads to implausible ideas, and insomnia exacerbates negative affect and creates an altered perceptual state. The study objective was to examine for the first time these factors as predictors of the onset of new paranoid thinking and of the persistence of existing paranoid thinking.

The meaning of reporting forgetfulness: a cross-sectional study of adults in the English 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

Objectives: we measured subjective memory impairment (SMI) across the whole adult age range in a representative, national survey. Age is the strongest risk factor for dementia and SMI may be a precursor of objective cognitive impairment. We therefore hypothesised that SMI prevalence would rise with age in a non-demented population.

Age and birth cohort differences in the prevalence of common mental disorder in England: National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys 1993-2007.

Background: There are concerns that the prevalence of mental disorder is increasing.

Aims: To determine whether the prevalence of common adult mental disorders has increased over time, using age-period-cohort analysis.

Method: The study consisted of a pseudocohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population.

Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with intellectual disabilities: analysis of prison survey data for England and Wales.

A substantial number of prisoners have intellectual disabilities. We analysed data on a sample drawn from all prisons in England and Wales. Intellectual disability was defined as Quick Test scores equivalent to an IQ of ≤65.

Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England.

Context: To our knowledge, there is no published information on the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in adults. If the prevalence of autism is increasing, rates in older adults would be expected to be lower than rates among younger adults.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of adults with ASD living in the community in England.

Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England.

Background: A number of studies in a range of samples attest a link between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis.

Aims: To use data from a large representative general population sample (Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007) to test hypotheses that childhood sexual abuse is linked to psychosis, and that the relationship is consistent with mediation by revictimisation experiences, heavy cannabis use, anxiety and depression.

Method: The prevalence of psychosis was established operationally in a representative cross-sectional survey of the adult household population of England (n = 7353).

Development and psychometric properties of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule.

Objective: Stigma has been conceptualized as comprised of 3 constructs: knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice), and behaviour (discrimination). We are not aware of a psychometrically tested instrument to assess knowledge about mental health problems among the general public. Our paper presents the results of the development stage and the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), an instrument to assess stigma-related mental health knowledge among the general public.

Health of national service veterans: an analysis of a community-based sample using data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of England.

Purpose: In the context of increasing concerns for the health of UK armed forces veterans, this study aims to compare the prevalence of current mental, physical and behavioural difficulties in conscripted national service veterans with population controls, and to assess the impact of length of service in the military. The compulsory nature of national service sets these veterans apart from younger veterans.

Method: Data are drawn from a nationally representative community-dwelling sample of England.

The treatment of Common Mental Disorders across age groups: results from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

Background: We investigated for the first time in a national survey whether older people were less likely than younger adults with the same symptom severity to receive treatment for Common Mental Disorders (CMD).

Method: We analysed data from the 2007 English Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, representative of people living in private homes. 7461 (57%) people approached took part.