Publications by authors named "Howan Leung"

There may be different mechanisms underlying internal (IBZ) and cortical (CBZ) borderzone infarcts in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. In 84 patients with symptomatic, 50-99% atherosclerotic stenosis of M1 middle cerebral artery (MCA-M1) with acute borderzone infarcts in diffusion-weighted imaging, we classified the infarct patterns as isolated IBZ (n = 37), isolated CBZ (n = 31), and IBZ+CBZ (n = 16) infarcts. CT angiography-based computational fluid dynamics models were constructed to quantify translesional, post-stenotic to pre-stenotic pressure ratio (PR) in the MCA-M1 lesion.

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Introduction: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) commonly exists in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (sICAD). We aimed to investigate the associations of hemodynamic features of sICAD lesions with imaging markers and overall burden of CSVD.

Patients And Methods: Patients with anterior-circulation sICAD (50%-99% stenosis) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study.

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Background And Objective: Drug-drug interactions between direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) and antiseizure medications via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) or the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) systems may lead to under-anticoagulation. The clinical relevance of these interactions is unclear. We aimed to elucidate the risk of thromboembolism with concurrent DOAC and CYP/P-gp modulating antiseizure medications.

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Objective: As Hong Kong faced the 5th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the facilitators and hurdles toward effective vaccination is important for healthcare professionals to understand the vaccination gap among patients with epilepsy.

Methods: A cross-sectional, pragmatic study of COVID-19 vaccination was performed at a tertiary epilepsy center with regards to patterns of vaccination and any unusually high rate of adverse events. Patients having recent visits at the epilepsy center (4 months) had their anonymized electronic linkage records examined 12 months after the inception of vaccination program for types of vaccines, seizure demographics, and adverse events following immunization (AEFI).

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The objective of this study was to identify and quantify barriers to generic substitution of antiseizure medications (ASM). A questionnaire on generic ASM substitution was developed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Generic Substitution. Questions addressed understanding of bioequivalence, standards for generic products, experiences with substitution, and demographic data.

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Objectives: The predisposition of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) to East Asians over Caucasians infers a genetic basis which, however, remains largely unknown. Higher prevalence of vascular risk factors (VRFs) in Chinese over Caucasian patients who had a stroke, and shared risk factors of ICAD with other stroke subtypes indicate genes related to VRFs and/or other stroke subtypes may also contribute to ICAD.

Methods: Unrelated symptomatic patients with ICAD were recruited for genome sequencing (GS, 60-fold).

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Background: Stroke not only substantially increases the risk of incident dementia early after stroke but also the risk remains elevated years after.

Aim: We aimed to determine the risk factors of dementia onset more than three to six months after stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Methods: This is a single-center prospective cohort study.

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Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognised as a major cause of new-onset refractory status epilepticus. Early immunotherapy with agents such as methylprednisolone is recommended. Anakinra is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist used for various inflammatory disorders.

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Background: Depicting the time trends of ischemic stroke subtypes may inform healthcare resource allocation on etiology-based stroke prevention and treatment.

Aim: To reveal the evolving ischemic stroke subtypes from 2004 to 2018.

Methods: We determined the stroke etiologies of consecutive first-ever transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke patients admitted to a regional hospital in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2018.

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Background: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is globally a major ischaemic stroke subtype with high recurrence. Understanding the morphology of symptomatic ICAD plaques, largely unknown by far, may help identify vulnerable lesions prone to relapse.

Methods: We prospectively recruited patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack attributed to high-grade ICAD (60%-99% stenosis).

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Objective: Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR), is a traditional Chinese Medicine that has been used for neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Epilepsy patients may be treated with adjunctive therapy of GR with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In particular, carbamazepine (CBZ) is of high potential to interact with concurrent treatment of Chinese Medicine.

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Objective: To investigate the effect of water extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) on the development of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and on regulating the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F).

Methods: A pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model was adopted to precipitate injury in the limbic systems. GR and carbamazepine (CBZ) treatments were given to mice for 14 days prior to SE induction to demonstrate the antiepileptic effects and continued for 5 more days to illustrate the effects on histologic studies.

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Purpose: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a complex side effect with few available treatment options. The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of an 8-week course of acupuncture in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients who were receiving or had received neurotoxic chemotherapy.

Methods: Randomized assessor-blinded controlled trial with 2 arms; one arm received acupuncture twice weekly for 8 weeks, while the other arm was a wait-list control group receiving only standard care.

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Autonomic dysregulation is common in post-stroke patients. We aimed to correlate beat-to-beat blood pressure variability (BPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) with Ewing's test classification. We enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke.

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Background And Purpose: Central autonomic dysfunction increases stroke morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate whether poststroke autonomic dysfunction graded by Ewing battery can predict clinical outcome.

Methods: In this prospective observational study, we assessed autonomic function of ischemic stroke patients within 7 days from symptom onset by Ewing battery.

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Though dysfunction of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), the proteins involved in neuromuscular transmission have not been completely identified. In this study, we aimed to identify a novel CMS gene in a consanguineous family with limb-girdle type CMS. Homozygosity mapping of the novel CMS gene was performed using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays.

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Upper limb weakness and incoordination is a common disability following ischemic stroke. Previous studies have showed that the single application of external counterpulsation (ECP) and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) can effectively enhance the cortical motor excitability and facilitate recovery. However, it remains uncertain if sequential application of these therapies would further augment the recovery.

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Objective: Acute symptomatic seizure (AS) after ischaemic stroke is defined as a seizure occurring ≤7 days of the stroke. There remains a lack of information on the prognosis of AS after ischaemic stroke and how it should be treated.

Methods: We prospectively recruited patients after their incidents of ischaemic stroke from a population-based stroke registry.

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Objective: High-frequency oscillations (HFOs, 80-500Hz) from intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) may represent a biomarker of epileptogenicity for epilepsy. We explored the relationship between ictal HFOs and hyperexcitability with a view to improving surgical outcome.

Methods: We evaluated 262 patients with refractory epilepsy.

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Objective: Understanding how symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) evolves with current medical therapy may inform secondary stroke prevention.

Methods: In a prospective academic-initiated study, we recruited 50 patients (mean age = 63.4 ± 9.

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External counterpulsation (ECP) is a noninvasive method used to augment cerebral perfusion but the optimal use of ECP in ischemic stroke has not been well documented. We aimed to investigate the effects of ECP treatment pressure on cerebral blood flow and blood pressure (BP). We recruited 38 ischemic stroke patients with large artery occlusive disease and 20 elderly controls.

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