Cancer Stem Cells in Tumours of the Central Nervous System in Children: A Comprehensive Review.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells found in various kinds of tumours with stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal, induced differentiation, and tumourigenicity. The existence of CSCs is regarded as a major source of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common solid tumours in children, which have many different types including highly malignant embryonal tumours and midline gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with favourable prognoses.

Association of neural tube defects with congenital abnormalities of the urogenital system in a Chinese cohort.

Background: This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the correlation between congenital abnormality of the urogenital system and various factors in children with neural tube defects (NTDs).

Methods: A total of 190 children with congenital NTDs, who were admitted to a hospital from May 2013 to May 2018, were included into the present study. All admitted children with congenital NTDs were carried out routine abdominal B-ultrasound examinations to determine the malformations of the abdominal organs, including the urinary system.

Maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors during pregnancy is associated with pediatric germ cell tumors.

Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are natural or synthetic chemical compounds that interfere with normal endocrine function in both wildlife and humans. Previous studies have indicated that EEDs may contribute to oncogenesis. This study explores the relationship between EEDs and pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs).

[Relationship between anogenital distance and cryptorchidism in human newborns].

Objective: To explore the relation of the anogenital distance (AGD) with cryptorchidism in male newborns.

Methods: This study included 350 male infants delivered in two community hospitals between September 2013 and September 2014. Within 24 hours after birth, a pediatric surgeon measured the AGD of the neonates and determined whether they had cryptorchidism.

Effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid for total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with significant perioperative blood loss and need for transfusion. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) to reduce perioperative blood loss in patients receiving TKA.

Material And Methods: A total of 92 patients who accepted unilateral TKA from May 2012 to May 2013 randomly received either 15 mg/kg TXA in 100 mL normal saline solution (TXA group, n=46) or the same amount of normal saline solution (placebo group, n=46) at 15 min before the tourniquet was loosened.

The distribution of the growth factors FGF-2 and VEGF, and their receptors, in growing red deer antler.

The cellular distributions of the growth factors FGF-2 and VEGF, and their receptors FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3, and VEGFR-2 respectively, were visualized by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy in sections of growing red deer antler. Both of these signalling systems were widely expressed in the integument and osteocartilaginous compartments. FGF-2 was found in the same cells as all three FGFRs, indicating that FGF signalling may be principally autocrine.