Obscure pathology of pulled elbow: dynamic high-resolution ultrasound-assisted classification.

Aim: Pulled elbow or nursemaid's elbow is a radial head subluxation caused by a sudden pull on the extended pronated forearm. Children with pulled elbow usually respond dramatically for reduction, yet others show delayed improvement with no clear pathologic explanation. The aim of our study is to propose an explanation for the varying clinical response after the reduction of pulled elbow aided by ultrasound classification of the underlying pathology and its impact on management.