Modulatory Effects of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Cimetidine and Ibuprofen on T Cell-related Parameters in a Breast Cancer Model.

Metformin, cimetidine, and ibuprofen separately exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-tumorigenic effects. Herein, the impacts of metformin alone and in combination with cimetidine/ibuprofen on some Th1- and regulatory T (Treg) cell-related parameters were evaluated using a breast cancer (BC) model. For establishing the BC model, four groups of Balb/c mice were challenged with the carcinoma cell line.

Zingerone improves the immune responses in an animal model of breast cancer.

Objectives: The potent anti-tumorigenic effects were attributed to ginger and there are some reports regarding the anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties ginger-derived components. This study aimed to investigate the effects of zingerone on some immune-related parameters in an animal model of breast cancer.

Methods: The breast cancer was established in female BALB/c mice using a carcinogenic 4T1 cell line.

The Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2)-related Immunopathological Responses in the Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play principle roles in recognition of autologous components which have been pointed as the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and microbial components which are identified as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP).The infiltration of various inflammatory cells such as dendritic cells, lymphocytes (CD4+ T, CD8+ T as well as B cells), monocytes and macrophages occur into the central nervous sys-tem (CNS) during multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model named experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The infiltrated leukocytes and residential cells of the CNS express several TLRs (especially TLR2) and their expression are elevated in MS and EAE.

Leishmania species-dependent functional duality of toll-like receptor 2.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate immunity and act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immune systems. During Leishmania infection, the activation of TLRs influences the pathogen-specific immune responses, which may play a decisive role in determining the outcome of infection, toward elimination or survival of the pathogen. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells express TLR2, which plays a crucial role in the parasite recognition and elicitation of immune responses in Leishmania infection.

Immunomodulatory properties of cimetidine: Its therapeutic potentials for treatment of immune-related diseases.

Histamine exerts potent modulatory impacts on the cells of innate- [including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells] and adaptive immunity (such as Th1-, Th2-, Th17-, regulatory T-, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and B cells) through binding to histamine receptor 2 (H2R). Cimetidine, as an H2R antagonist, reverses the histamine-mediated immunosuppression, as it has powerful stimulatory effects on the effector functions of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, DCs, NK cells, NKT cells, Th1-, Th2-, Th17-, and CD8 cytotoxic T cells. However, cimetidine reduces the regulatory/suppressor T cell-mediated immunosuppression.

The Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on the Expression of IL-12 and TGF-β in the Spinal Cord and Serum of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Background & Objective: The immunoregulatory effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-βand interleukin-12 (IL-12) and immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D (VD) were reported in several studies. This study aims to evaluate VD effects on IL-12 and TGF-β expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Methods: EAE was induced in three groups of C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG and administered intra-peritoneally 200 ngVD, PBS or olive oil (OO) from day +3 to +30.