Increased flammability hazard when ionic liquid [Cmim][Cl] is exposed to high temperatures.

Industrial use of ionic liquids may require exposure to high temperatures. We demonstrate that such applications may result in an increase in flammability hazard due to chemical decomposition. The ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Cmim][Cl]), was selected as the study sample.

Effect of stirring on the safety of flammable liquid mixtures.

Flash point is the most important variable employed to characterize fire and explosion hazard of liquids. The models developed for predicting the flash point of partially miscible mixtures in the literature to date are all based on the assumption of liquid-liquid equilibrium. In real-world environments, however, the liquid-liquid equilibrium assumption does not always hold, such as the collection or accumulation of waste solvents without stirring, where complete stirring for a period of time is usually used to ensure the liquid phases being in equilibrium.

Nitrogen dilution effect on the flammability limits for hydrocarbons.

Theoretical models to predict the upper/lower flammability limits of hydrocarbons diluted with inert nitrogen gas are proposed in this study. It is found that there are linear relations between the reciprocal of the upper/lower flammability limits and the reciprocal of the molar fraction of hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon/inert nitrogen mixture. Such linearity is examined by experimental data reported in the literature, which include the cases of methane, propane, ethylene and propylene.

Carbon dioxide dilution effect on flammability limits for hydrocarbons.

Theoretical models to predict the upper/lower flammability limits of a mixture composed of hydrocarbon and inert carbon dioxide are proposed in this study. It is found theoretically that there are linear relations between the reciprocal of the upper/lower flammability limits and the reciprocal of the molar fraction of hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon/inert gas mixture. These theoretical linear relations are examined by existing experimental results reported in the literature, which include the cases of methane, propane, ethylene, and propylene.

Prediction of autoignition temperatures of organic compounds by the structural group contribution approach.

A model to predict the autoignition temperatures (AIT) of organic compounds is proposed based on the structural group contribution (SGC) approach. This model has been built up using a 400-compound training set; the fitting ability for these training data is 0.8474, with an average error of 32K and an average error percentage of 4.

Flash-point prediction for binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents.

Flash point is the most important variable used to characterize fire and explosion hazard of liquids. Herein, partially miscible mixtures are presented within the context of liquid-liquid extraction processes. This paper describes development of a model for predicting the flash point of binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents.

A non-ideal model for predicting the effect of dissolved salt on the flash point of solvent mixtures.

Flash point is one of the major quantities used to characterize the fire and explosion hazard of liquids. Herein, a liquid with dissolved salt is presented in a salt-distillation process for separating close-boiling or azeotropic systems. The addition of salts to a liquid may reduce fire and explosion hazard.

Binary mixtures exhibiting maximum flash-point behavior.

This study has demonstrated the existence of maximum flash-point solutions, where the maximum flash-point value is larger than those of the individual components. The behavior of such a solution has potential application in hazard reduction. The sufficient condition for a binary mixture to form such a maximum flash-point solution, and the equations to determine its composition and maximum flash point are proposed here, as these may be important in terms of hazard reduction.

A general model for predicting the flash point of miscible mixtures.

A mathematical model is presented for predicting the flash point of miscible mixtures. This model is reducible and adequate for some specified systems as proposed previously. Except for multiple aqueous-organic solutions, the predictive capability of the reduced form for other miscible mixtures, including binary aqueous-organic solutions and flammables-only analogues, has been verified previously.

The prediction of the flash point for binary aqueous-organic solutions.

A mathematical model, which may be used for predicting the flash point of aqueous-organic solutions, has been proposed and subsequently verified by experimentally-derived data. The results reveal that this model is able to precisely predict the flash point over the entire composition range of binary aqueous-organic solutions by way of utilizing the flash point data pertaining to the flammable component. The derivative of flash point with respect to composition (solution composition effect upon flash point) can be applied to process safety design/operation in order to identify as to whether the dilution of a flammable liquid solution with water is effective in reducing the fire and explosion hazard of the solution at a specified composition.