An updated overview on long-acting therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a perspective of pharmaceutics.

Conventional drug formulations release active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) immediately after administration, while long-acting (LA) drug products are designed for prolonged therapeutic effects, thereby reducing administration frequency and improving patient compliance. The development of LA therapeutics for chronic disease treatment has significantly helped patients adhere to their regimens, reducing the need for daily doses and easing the burden on healthcare systems. Advances in treatment have transformed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) into a manageable chronic disease, and efforts are underway to eliminate HIV in the future.

Cellular RNA interacts with MAVS to promote antiviral signaling.

Antiviral signaling downstream of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) proceeds through a multi-protein complex organized around the adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Protein complex function can be modulated by RNA molecules that provide allosteric regulation or act as molecular guides or scaffolds. We hypothesized that RNA plays a role in organizing MAVS signaling platforms.

Case series report: Equine coronavirus in Australia.

Background: Equine Coronavirus (ECoV) can cause gastrointestinal disease and was first described in 2000 in the USA followed by several international outbreak case reports. Disease manifestation is characterised by vague clinical signs, including mild pyrexia, lethargy and anorexia. Morbidity ranges greatly from 10% to 83%.

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of Adapt 2 Asthma (A2A), a culturally relevant coping skills and asthma management intervention for Latinx Families.

Background: Latinx children in the United States experience disparities in asthma control and asthma-related functional outcomes compared to non-Latinx White children, including more school absences, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations for asthma. Stress appears to play a role in asthma control, but interventions designed to address the role of stress in asthma control for Latinx children are limited.

Method: The current randomized controlled trial tests the effects of Adapt 2 Asthma (A2A), a family-based coping skills and asthma management intervention tailored to the stressors, strengths, and cultural beliefs of Latinx families, compared to an asthma self-management control arm (the Asthma Plan for Kids; APK).

Experiences and Supportive Care Needs of Latinx Millennial Caregivers.

Introduction: Latinx Millennial caregivers are an understudied minority group in the United States. Due to life stage and cultural values, these caregivers struggle to balance conflicting priorities with career, family, and caregiving. They also face systemic barriers and healthcare disparities.

Predicting return of lung function after a pulmonary exacerbation using the cystic fibrosis respiratory symptom diary-chronic respiratory infection symptom scale.

Background: Pulmonary exacerbations (PExs) in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) are associated with increased healthcare costs, decreased quality of life and the risk for permanent decline in lung function. Symptom burden, the continuous physiological and emotional symptoms on an individual related to their disease, may be a useful tool for monitoring PwCF during a PEx, and identifying individuals at high risk for permanent decline in lung function. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the degree of symptom burden severity, measured by the Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Symptom Diary (CFRSD)- Chronic Respiratory Infection Symptom Scale (CRISS), at the onset of a PEx can predict failure to return to baseline lung function by the end of treatment.

Aberrant evoked calcium signaling and nAChR cluster morphology in a D90A hiPSC-derived neuromuscular model.

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that is due to mutations in one of several target genes, including . So far, clinical records, rodent studies, and models have yielded arguments for either a primary motor neuron disease, or a pleiotropic pathogenesis of ALS. While mouse models lack the human origin, models using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) have been recently developed for addressing ALS pathogenesis.

Leveraging digital health technologies in heart failure self-care interventions to improve health equity.

For patients with heart failure, self-care is crucial, but recommendations for self-care are often not adhered to. Digital health interventions have the potential to help patients improve their self-care and, ultimately, their health outcomes, but without careful examination, digital interventions may generate further inequality. In this study, we use a digital health equity framework to examine challenges and opportunities related to digital health interventions across many domains of influence that may affect health equity.

Recent insights into N-methyladenosine during viral infection.

The RNA modification of N-methyladenosine (mA) controls many aspects of RNA function that impact biological processes, including viral infection. In this review, we highlight recent work that shapes our current understanding of the diverse mechanisms by which mA can regulate viral infection by acting on viral or cellular mRNA molecules. We focus on emerging concepts and understanding, including how viral infection alters the localization and function of mA machinery proteins, how mA regulates antiviral innate immunity, and the multiple roles of mA in regulating specific viral infections.

Symptom phenotyping in people with cystic fibrosis during acute pulmonary exacerbations using machine-learning K-means clustering analysis.

Introduction: People with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) experience frequent symptoms associated with chronic lung disease. A complication of CF is a pulmonary exacerbation (PEx), which is often preceded by an increase in symptoms and a decline in lung function. A symptom cluster is when two or more symptoms co-occur and are related; symptom clusters have contributed meaningful knowledge in other diseases.

Performance Evaluation of a Supervised Machine Learning Pain Classification Model Developed by Neonatal Nurses.

Background: Early-life pain is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental consequences; and current pain assessment practices are discontinuous, inconsistent, and highly dependent on nurses' availability. Furthermore, facial expressions in commonly used pain assessment tools are not associated with brain-based evidence of pain.

Purpose: To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model to classify pain.

Risk Factor Analysis and Genetic Parameter Estimation for Pre-Weaning Mortality Traits in Boer, Spanish, and Crossbred Goat Kids.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate fixed risk factors associated with PWM and to estimate genetic parameters for PWM. A total of 927 birth records from a mixed population of purebred and crossbred Boer and Spanish goats born between 2016 and 2023 at the International Goat Research Center (IGRC) were used for this study. Four binary traits were studied: D0-3 (death within 3 days after birth), D4-60 (death between 4 and 60 days), D61-90 (death between 61 and 90 days), and D0-90 (death within 90 days).

Impact of Parent Presence and Engagement on Stress in NICU Infants.

Background: Infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are exposed to frequent stressors that impact their neurodevelopmental outcomes. Parent presence and engagement are considered critical to improving infant outcomes, yet associations between cumulative NICU parent presence, engagement, and infant stress are infrequently examined.

Purpose: To examine associations between NICU infant stress and the amount (hours per week) or frequency (days per week) of parent presence and skin-to-skin care (SSC).

Challenges to mapping and defining mA function in viral RNA.

Viral RNA molecules contain multiple layers of regulatory information. This includes features beyond the primary sequence, such as RNA structures and RNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (mA). Many recent studies have identified the presence and location of mA in viral RNA and have found diverse regulatory roles for this modification during viral infection.

Application of a human-centered design for embedded machine learning model to develop data labeling software with nurses: Human-to-Artificial Intelligence (H2AI).

Background: Nurses are essential for assessing and managing acute pain in hospitalized patients, especially those who are unable to self-report pain. Given their role and subject matter expertise (SME), nurses are also essential for the design and development of a supervised machine learning (ML) model for pain detection and clinical decision support software (CDSS) in a pain recognition automated monitoring system (PRAMS). Our first step for developing PRAMS with nurses was to create SME-friendly data labeling software.

Modifying the antiviral innate immune response by selective writing, erasing, and reading of mA on viral and cellular RNA.

Viral infection and the antiviral innate immune response are regulated by the RNA modification mA. mA directs nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism by recruiting RNA-binding proteins that mediate the fate of mA-containing RNA. mA controls the antiviral innate immune response in diverse ways, including shielding viral RNA from detection by antiviral sensors and influencing the expression of cellular mRNAs encoding antiviral signaling proteins, cytokines, and effector proteins.

Programmable protein expression using a genetically encoded mA sensor.

The N-methyladenosine (mA) modification is found in thousands of cellular mRNAs and is a critical regulator of gene expression and cellular physiology. mA dysregulation contributes to several human diseases, and the mA methyltransferase machinery has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. However, current methods for studying mA require RNA isolation and do not provide a real-time readout of mRNA methylation in living cells.

Virology-the path forward.

In the United States (US), biosafety and biosecurity oversight of research on viruses is being reappraised. Safety in virology research is paramount and oversight frameworks should be reviewed periodically. Changes should be made with care, however, to avoid impeding science that is essential for rapidly reducing and responding to pandemic threats as well as addressing more common challenges caused by infectious diseases.

The Evil DExH/D: Chikungunya virus runs but cannot hide from DDX39A.

In this issue, Tapescu et al. identify DDX39A as a novel antiviral protein that acts on conserved features of alphavirus RNA to limit infection in an IFN-independent manner.

Implementing Guidelines for NICU Parent Presence: Effects on Parent and Infant Stress.

Background: Relationships between parents and infants are essential for mitigating stressors encountered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and are supported by parent presence and engagement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare NICU parent and infant outcomes pre- and postimplementation of an intervention aimed at increasing parent presence and engagement in the NICU. This family-centered care intervention consisted of communicating specific guidelines for parent presence.

Participant-collected household dust for assessing microorganisms and semi-volatile organic compounds in urban homes.

Dust samples collected by researchers and study participants from 43 U.S. urban homes were analyzed and compared to evaluate the feasibility of using participant-collected samples to assess indoor environmental exposures.

CELLULAR RNA INTERACTS WITH MAVS TO PROMOTE ANTIVIRAL SIGNALING.

Immune signaling needs to be well-regulated to promote clearance of pathogens, while preventing aberrant inflammation. Interferons (IFNs) and antiviral genes are activated by the detection of viral RNA by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). Signal transduction downstream of RLRs proceeds through a multi-protein complex organized around the central adaptor protein MAVS.