Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat.

There is increasing speculation that individual neurones in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of complex multi-joint movements rather than simple movements about a single-joint. These neurones project predominantly to the primary motor cortex after relaying in the motor thalamus. Given a) that localised regions of the motor cortex control individual muscles which generally act about single joints and b) the relatively tight topographical arrangement of thalamocortical connections, it is reasonable to hypothesise that if cerebellar output neurones control single-joint movements they are likely to project to localised areas of the motor thalamus, whereas if they project to more widespread regions they are likely to influence movements involving multiple joints.

On the distribution of cholecystokinin B receptors in monkey brain.

In view of recent evidence for a role for the B subtype of cholecystokinin (CCKB) receptor in panic and anxiety, the distribution of CCKB receptors in the forebrain of a Rhesus macaca monkey was examined by receptor autoradiography employing [125I]D-Tyr25(Nleu28,31)-CCK25-33S. CCKB receptors were widely and topographically distributed in cortex. Other structures with notable labelling included the basal ganglia, presubiculum, amygdala, mamillary bodies, cerebellar cortex and pineal gland.

Pulse-spray treatment of subclavian and jugular venous thrombi with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) injected by pulse-spray in lysing subclavian and jugular venous thrombi.

Materials And Methods: Twelve patients with symptomatic, venogram-confirmed, occlusive thrombi of the subclavian-axillary or jugular veins were treated with one or two daily 15-minute injections of rtPA delivered directly into the clots with pulse-spray catheters. Twenty-four hours after each treatment, repeated venograms were obtained to assess venous patency.

The relationship between monkey ventrolateral thalamic nucleus activity and kinematic parameters of wrist movement.

Extracellular recordings were made from single neurones in the cerebellar thalamus (75 neurones) and the VPLc (44 neurones) of four conscious moving monkeys. The experiment was designed to establish the discharge of ventrolateral thalamic neurones encodes information about kinematic parameters. The animals were trained to resist unexpected perturbations of the wrist and to perform skilled, voluntary wrist movements, producing stereotyped reflex and active movements with a wide range of durations and amplitudes.

The effects of heparin flush on patency of the Groshong catheter: a pilot study.

Purpose/objectives: To determine whether the addition or a heparinized saline flush would decrease clot formation and persistent withdrawal occlusion (PWO) in Groshong (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, UT) catheters.

Design: A prospective, nonrandomized study using a historical control group of patients with Groshong catheters that had been flushed weekly with 5 ml normal saline compared to data from patients with Groshong catheters flushed weekly with 2.5 ml heparinized saline (100 U/ml).

Leukemia inhibitory factor is a myotrophic and neurotrophic agent that enhances the reinnervation of muscle in the rat.

The effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on muscle atrophy and the reinnervation of muscle were investigated. The rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) nerve was either cut (denervation groups), crushed (reinnervation group) or left intact (normal group). Muscles were injected with LIF in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing pluronic gel, the contralateral control muscles were injected with the vehicle alone.

Achieving a 96.6 percent follow-up rate in a longitudinal study of drug abusers.

Longitudinal studies can be hampered by poor follow-up rates, seriously reducing generalizability of the findings. Understanding the barriers, as well as approaches to overcome and adapt to these impediments, resulted in a 96.6% 18 month follow-up rate of 479 drug abusers enrolled in an NIDA funded demonstration project aimed at reducing HIV transmission among St.

A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat.

The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of anterogradely labelled cerebellar terminals in the red nucleus (RN), ventrolateral (VL), parafascicular (PF) and central medial (CM) thalamic nuclei, as well as in the zona incerta (ZI). No differences were found in the morphology of synapses in any of the nuclei. Terminals in RN and VL were larger than those in PF, CM and ZI and synapsed proximally.

An electron microscopic tracer study of the projections from entopeduncular nucleus to the ventrolateral nucleus of the rat.

The entopeduncular (EP) nucleus is considered to be the major outflow nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG). The anterograde tracer dextran biotin was injected into EP to investigate its connections with the thalamus. Terminals from EP were found in the ipsilateral ventroanterior-ventrolateral (VAL) and ventromedial thalamic nuclei (VM), lateral habenular and centromedian-parafascicular complex.

Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study.

It is generally agreed that cerebellar and lemniscal pathways project to largely separate areas of the thalamus and influence different functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Cerebellar afferents arise from neurones in the deep cerebellar nuclei and terminate in the ventral lateral group of thalamic nuclei or the "motor thalamus," whereas lemniscal afferents arise from the dorsal column nuclei and terminate in the adjacent ventral posterior group of thalamic nuclei or "sensory thalamus." However, it remains unclear whether or not these pathways converge onto thalamic neurones in the border zone between motor and sensory thalamus.

Discard volumes necessary for clinically useful coagulation studies from heparinized Hickman catheters.

Purpose/objectives: Determine the blood volume that must be wasted to obtain a clinically useful prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen concentration for blood drawn from a heparinized (2.5 ml of 100 units/ml), double-lumen venous catheter.

Design: Prospective, nonrandomized study comparing test results obtained from blood samples drawn through the catheters with those obtained via peripheral venipuncture.

Platelet binding of IgG from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Although heparin induces immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, it has been difficult to demonstrate heparin specificity of the putative immunoglobin. Recently, however, a body of data has indicated that platelet factor 4 (PF4) is required for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibody to bind to heparin. Using viable platelets in a physiologic buffer, we have now documented specific and reversible platelet binding of iodine 125-labeled IgG from 5 patients with HIT and binding of 125I-labeled F(ab')2 from 2 of them.

Cyclin G1 and cyclin G2 comprise a new family of cyclins with contrasting tissue-specific and cell cycle-regulated expression.

We describe the isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding full-length human and murine cyclin G1 and a novel human homologue of this cyclin designated cyclin G2. Cyclin G1 is expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle, ovary, and kidney. Following an initial up-regulation from early G1 to G1/S phase, cyclin G1 mRNA is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle in T and B cell lines.

Involving physicians in clinical pathways: an example for perioperative knee arthroplasty.

Background: At Stanford University Hospital, attempts to improve the case management program led to the development of clinical paths, a multidisciplinary case management tool. Successful design and implementation of clinical paths depend on physician leadership. However, since physicians are trained to function independently and to treat each clinical problem as unique, they tend to resist attempts to have them follow clinical paths.

Assembly of the truncated immunoglobulin heavy chain D mu into antigen receptor-like complexes in pre-B cells but not in B cells.

Rearrangements of the IgH locus with JH joined to reading frame 2 of DH are greatly underrepresented in B cells. These rearrangements encode the truncated heavy chain D mu. In pre-B cells, we found D mu protein expressed on the cell surface and assembled into a complex with surrogate light chains, Ig alpha, and Ig beta.

Severe thrombocytopenia in patients treated with suramin: evidence for an immune mechanism in one.

Although suramin has long been used to treat human trypanosomiasis, recent clinical trials have tested its efficacy against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and various malignancies. Thromobocytopenia was observed in early trials with suramin in AIDS, but has been uncommon in patients treated for solid tumors. Here we describe 5 patients out of a total of 67 (7%) who developed severe thrombocytopenia while receiving suramin as part of a phase II clinical trial for metastatic prostate carcinoma refractory to hormonal therapy.

MUJA: manipulation under joint anesthesia/analgesia: a treatment approach for recalcitrant low back pain of synovial joint origin.

Objective: These four cases show how application of manipulation under joint anesthesia/analgesia (MUJA) may benefit the patient with low back pain (LBP) of synovial joint origin when prior treatment options fail. We propose that MUJA should be considered as a treatment option for those with recalcitrant synovial joint-mediated LBP.

Clinical Features: We report four cases of patients with LBP successfully treated by this protocol.

Reductions in tissue plasminogen activator and thrombomodulin in blood draining veins damaged by venous access devices.

A frequent complication of venous access devices (VADs) is axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis. To study this problem we have compared blood drawn through VADs with peripheral blood samples in a group of oncology patients with venographically demonstrated venous damage (N = 14) and a group with normal venograms (N = 21). The samples were assayed for a battery of proteins believed to be involved in thrombogenesis.