Climatic Droplet Keratopathy Is a Misnomer for This Corneal Degeneration.

Purpose: To describe a new insight into the Climate Droplet Keratopathy (CDK) pathophysiology and its major predisposing factors.

Method: A literature search was undertaken on PubMed to compile papers published on CDK. The following is a focused opinion tempered by synthesis of current evidence, and research of the authors.

Transcriptome Analysis of Pterygium and Pinguecula Reveals Evidence of Genomic Instability Associated with Chronic Inflammation.

Solar damage due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is implicated in the development of two proliferative lesions of the ocular surface: pterygium and pinguecula. Pterygium and pinguecula specimens were collected, along with adjacent healthy conjunctiva specimens. RNA was extracted and sequenced.

Intestinal microbiota regulates tryptophan metabolism following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

Introduction: The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in modulating host immune responses. Oral Toxoplasma gondii infection can promote intestinal inflammation in certain mice strains. The IDO-AhR axis may control tryptophan (Trp) metabolism constituting an important immune regulatory mechanism in inflammatory settings.

Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the Regulation of Immunity and Immunopathology During Infection.

Resistance to infection is dependent on a rapid induction of Th1-type and CD8+ T cell responses that should be promptly balanced to prevent immunopathology. -infected B6 mice are able to control parasite replication but show a limited expansion of Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells that results in the accumulation of effector immune cells and the development of acute liver pathology. AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that promotes Treg cell development and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in dendritic cells, altering the course of adaptive immune response and the development of immunopathology.

Myopia as a risk factor for subsequent retinal tears in the course of a symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment.

Background: Retinal tears complicating the course of a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may be unique or multiple, and when multiple they may occur simultaneously or subsequently at different moments in the evolution of a PVD. The purpose of our study was to analyze the prevalence of subsequent retinal tears (SRT) in patients with a PVD, and to identify possible risk factors for SRT.

Methods: One hundred and seventy six eyes in 165 consecutive patients that presented one or more retinal tears in the evolution of a symptomatic PVD, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, were retrospectively evaluated.

Phospholipidomic Studies in Human Cornea From Climatic Droplet Keratopathy.

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is an acquired degenerative disease predominantly affecting males over 40 years old. It results in progressive corneal opacities usually affecting both eyes. CDK is multifactorial and its etiology remains unknown.

The eye and the skin in nonendocrine metabolic disorders.

As metabolism is controlled by the input of genes and the environment, metabolic disorders result from some disturbance in the interaction between genes and environmental factors. Many metabolic disorders consist in congenital enzyme deficiencies, also known as "inborn errors of metabolism," that may be disabling or cause severe illness and death and are predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The deposit in cells and tissues of storage substances from errors in metabolic processes may produce a wide variety of disorders affecting different organs and functions, with different degrees of severity, and often present around the time of birth or early childhood.

The eye and the skin in endocrine metabolic diseases.

The eye and skin may offer critical clues to the diagnosis of a varied spectrum of metabolic diseases from endocrine origin and their different stages of severity, such as diabetes mellitus and Graves disease. On the other hand, such entities may compromise the eye and visual function severely, and awareness of these possible associations is an important step in their diagnosis and management. A large number of less common endocrine diseases may also have significant ocular/visual or skin involvement.

Climatic Droplet Keratopathy in Argentina: Involvement of Environmental Agents in Its Genesis Which Would Open the Prospect for New Therapeutic Interventions.

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is a degenerative corneal disease of unknown etiology. We described CDK for the first time in Latin America in the Argentinean Patagonia (El Cuy). A deeper knowledge of CDK pathogenic mechanisms will provide new therapeutic strategies.

Systemic amyloidosis with bilateral conjunctival involvement: a case report.

Background: Conjunctival amyloidosis is a very rare condition, generally unilateral, and presents mostly as an isolated condition without systemic compromise. Our purpose is to present a new case of systemic amyloidosis with a bilateral conjunctival involvement.

Case Presentation: A 66-years-old caucasian female complaining of conjunctival hemorrhage and chemosis in both eyes for the last five years had been discontinuously treated with topical antibiotics and corticosteroids without any evident improvement.

Deimination level and peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 expression are elevated in astrocytes with increased incubation temperature.

Astrocytes respond to environmental cues, including changes in temperatures. Increased deimination, observed in many progressive neurological diseases, is thought to be contributed by astrocytes. We determined the level of deimination and expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in isolated primary astrocytes in response to changes on either side (31°C and 41°C) of the optimal temperature (37°C).

Climatic droplet keratopathy: an old disease in new clothes.

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is an acquired and potentially handicapping cornea degenerative disease that is highly prevalent in certain rural communities around the world. It predominantly affects males over their forties. It has many other names such as Bietti's band-shaped nodular dystrophy, Labrador keratopathy, spheroidal degeneration, chronic actinic keratopathy, oil droplet degeneration, elastoid degeneration and keratinoid corneal degeneration.

Alternaria keratitis and hypopyon after clear-cornea phacoemulsification.

Unlabelled: We report a case of Alternaria keratitis and hypopyon following clear-corneal cataract surgery. A 66-year-old woman presented with a painful red left eye several months after uneventful self-sealing clear-corneal phacoemulsification that was unresponsive to prolonged treatment with topical/oral quinolones and topical corticosteroids. A full-thickness stromal white dense infiltrate in the area of the intrastromal tunnel incision and a 2.

Impact of changing oxygenation policies on retinopathy of prematurity in a neonatal unit in Argentina.

Aims: To assess the impact of different oxygenation policies on the rate and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2006, infants of 1500 g birthweight (BW) or less and/or 32 weeks gestational age (GA) or less, and larger, more mature infants with risk factors for ROP were examined through three different time periods: period 1: high target oxygen saturation levels (88-96%) and treatment at threshold ROP; period 2: low target oxygen saturation levels (83-93%) and treatment at threshold ROP; period 3: low target oxygen saturation and treatment at type 1 ROP.

Results: Type 1 ROP was detected more frequently in babies of 32 weeks GA or less (50/365, 13.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and gelatinases in climatic droplet keratopathy.

Purpose: Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is a degenerative disease of the cornea with possible involvement from matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Therefore, the authors investigated histologic distribution, levels, and molecular forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as tear fluid levels of MMPs and cytokines in CDK patients. They additionally examined UV-B-irradiation effect on production of gelatinases and cytokines by human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell culture model.

The effect of vitamin C deficiency and chronic ultraviolet-B exposure on corneal ultrastructure: a preliminary investigation.

Purpose: In the visually debilitating condition of climatic droplet keratopathy, corneal transparency is progressively lost. Although the precise cause of the disease and the mechanism by which it progresses are not known, a lifetime exposure to high solar radiation and a vitamin C-deficient diet may be involved in its development. This study examines the effect of dietary ascorbate levels and ultraviolet (UV)-B exposure on corneal stromal structure.

Peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 is over expressed in the glaucomatous optic nerve.

Purpose: To determine levels of Peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and its product protein-bound citrulline in cadaver eyes that suffered from normal tension glaucoma (NTG) compared to primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and controls.

Methods: Western analysis, ELISA, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed with human tissues.

Results: We report over expression of PAD2 and higher levels of its product protein-bound citrulline in the optic nerve of normal tension glaucoma patients (NTG).

Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as possible contributors to corneal droplet formation in climatic droplet keratopathy.

Purpose: Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is an acquired corneal disease characterized by progressive scarring of the cornea. In several corneal diseases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated during the degradation of epithelial and stromal tissues. We investigated the levels, degree of activation and molecular forms of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-8 and MMP-13 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in tear fluid of patients with CDK.

Quantitative analysis of N-linked glycoproteins in tear fluid of climatic droplet keratopathy by glycopeptide capture and iTRAQ.

Glycoproteins are potentially important biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. In particular, the N-linked glycoproteins are a focus of interest as they can be found in the extracellular environment and body fluids. In this study, we have sampled the tears, the extracellular fluid of the epithelial cells covering the surface of the eye, of patients with climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) using tears of unaffected normal patients for comparison.

The cornea of Guinea pig: structural and functional studies.

Objective: To describe the functional and structural characteristics of the cornea in healthy Guinea pigs.

Animals Studied: Healthy male and female pigmented and albino Guinea pigs (Caviaporcellus) aged 3-5 months old were used.

Procedures: The animals' corneas underwent different in vivo studies including: slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein staining (FS), break-up time test (BUT), confocal microscopy and pachymetry.

Proteomic analysis of climatic keratopathy droplets.

Purpose: To identify the proteins in the corneal droplets of climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK), a disease that results in the formation of droplets on the cornea. Progressive accumulation of droplets in CDK leads to visual loss.

Methods: Proteomic mass spectrometry of the CDK specimens was performed after fractionation of proteins in 4% to 20% SDS-polyacrylamide gels.

Surface alterations, corneal hypoesthesia, and iris atrophy in patients with climatic droplet keratopathy.

Purpose: To present external eye findings and the observation of iris atrophy in patients with climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK).

Methods: Twenty-three patients with CDK and 13 controls living in a semideserted plain of the Argentine Patagonia were studied. Besides a comprehensive eye examination, Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, Schirmer II test, breakup time (BUT), and surface staining were performed.

Galectin-1 suppresses autoimmune retinal disease by promoting concomitant Th2- and T regulatory-mediated anti-inflammatory responses.

Intraocular inflammatory diseases are a common cause of severe visual impairment and blindness. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory role of galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin found at sites of T cell activation and immune privilege, in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a Th1-mediated model of retinal disease. Treatment with rGal-1 either early or late during the course of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-induced EAU was sufficient to suppress ocular pathology, inhibit leukocyte infiltration, and counteract pathogenic Th1 cells.