Decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit may signal degree of hemorrhagic shock: retrospective evaluation in a dog model.

Objective: Data were extracted from preexisting published studies and evaluated retrospectively to compare lactate and base deficit values at baseline and posthemorrhage with changes in corresponding hemoglobin (Hb) and Hct measurements to assess any association of such changes with severity of hemorrhage over time. To understand the goal, the objective of this study was to demonstrate statistical changes in laboratory values as described above.

Methods: Previous prospectively designed experiments on 120 mixed-breed dogs were conducted.

Effects of general anesthesia on airway immune cell function in an equine in vivo model.

Objective: Complications from general anesthesia, including pneumonia and decreased wound healing, are influenced by changes in immune cell function secondary to sedatives and anesthetics. It was hypothesized that immune cell function would be depressed in the early postanesthetic period. The objective was to investigate airway immune cell function before and after a general anesthetic episode in an equine in vivo model using ex vivo cell stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for assessment of immune function.

Bioreactance noninvasive cardiac output monitoring in euvolemic adult horses subjected with 7.2% saline and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) solution infusions.

Objective: To compare the ability of bioreactance noninvasive cardiac output (BR-NICO) with thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) for the measurement of cardiac output (CO) in healthy adult horses receiving 2 different IV volume replacement solutions.

Design: Prospective randomized crossover study from September to November 2021.

Setting: University teaching hospital.

Flow-controlled expiration ventilation using a piston ventilator: effects of expiration time and speed on respiratory and pulmonary mechanics with focus on hysteresis and compliance in healthy horses.

Objective: To investigate the effects of FLow-controlled EXpiration (FLEX) ventilation expiration time and speed on respiratory and pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized horses in dorsal recumbency.

Animals: 6 healthy adult research horses.

Methods: In this randomized crossover experimental study, horses were anesthetized 3 times and were ventilated each time for 60 minutes using conventional volume-controlled ventilation (VCV), linear emptying of the lung over 50% of the expiratory time (FLEX50), or linear emptying of the lung over 100% of the expiratory time (FLEX100) in a randomized order.

A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions?

Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.

Dexmedetomidine preconditioning reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury in equine model of large colon volvulus.

Background: Large colon volvulus is a cause of colic in horses with high morbidity and mortality when not promptly treated. More treatment options are needed to improve the outcome of these cases by protecting against the damage caused by ischaemia and reperfusion injury.

Objectives: To determine the effect of preconditioning with dexmedetomidine prior to induction of ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a large colon volvulus model in the horse.

Peri-anesthetic Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Desflurane Waste Anesthetic Gas in a Large Animal Veterinary Hospital.

Objectives: The goals were to determine the environmental levels of desflurane waste anesthetic gas and the desflurane occupational exposure of operating room staff during the anesthesia of large animal veterinary patients.

Methods: Active environmental sampling was performed using single-beam infrared spectrophotometry. Passive sampling with dosimeter badges was used to measure the occupational exposure of anesthesia and operating room staff.

Open Approach to the Transversus Abdominis Plane in Horses: A Cadaver Feasibility Study.

The study's objective was to evaluate the feasibility and dispersion of an open approach to the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in eight adult equine cadavers. A ventral midline incision was made, starting 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus and extending 25 cm cranially. In total, 0.

Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block using bupivacaine in goats undergoing celiotomy.

Introduction: Never has the anatomy, the procedure of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, or the perioperative analgesic effects of a bupivacaine TAP block been described in goats.

Methods: This report details the relevant anatomy in a cadaveric study combined with the description/use of a TAP block in a controlled, randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study in which 20 goats with urolithiasis presenting for either ventral midline or paramedian celiotomy were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with desflurane in oxygen.

The dilutional volume of morphine and xylazine administered via caudal epidural catheter affects cranial spread of analgesia in healthy standing horses.

Objective: To test the influence of increasing injectate volumes on the regional effects of xylazine and morphine epidural analgesia, with the hypothesis that increasing volume produces more cranial spread of analgesia as determined by thermal threshold (TT) testing.

Animals: 6 university-owned research/teaching horses (2 mares, 4 geldings) deemed healthy on physical examination and basic lameness evaluation, aged 6-19 years and weighing 420-560 kg, were used in this prospective, randomized, blinded, cross-over experimental study.

Methods: After routine placement of a caudal epidural catheter, all animals were subsequently instrumented with a TT testing system at the withers (Location A), the cranial (Location B), and caudal (Location C) abdominal area, over the tuber coxae (Location D), and the hind limb dorsal pasterns (Location E).

Large animal ventilator-integrated volumetric capnography generates clinically acceptable values of physiologic dead space in anesthetized healthy adult horses.

Objective: To evaluate the agreement between the Tafonius large animal ventilator-integrated volumetric capnography (vCap) software and the Respironics NICO noninvasive cardiac output monitor reference system.

Animals: Data were collected from 56 healthy adult horses undergoing general anesthesia.

Methods: Animals were placed under general anesthesia and connected to the Tafonius large animal ventilator circle system.

Flow-controlled expiration reduces positive end-expiratory pressure requirement in dorsally recumbent, anesthetized horses.

Introduction: Equine peri-anesthetic mortality is higher than that for other commonly anesthetized veterinary species. Unique equine pulmonary pathophysiologic aspects are believed to contribute to this mortality due to impairment of gas exchange and subsequent hypoxemia. No consistently reliable solution for the treatment of peri-anesthetic gas exchange impairment is available.

Evaluation of Three Methods of Sensory Function Testing for the Assessment of Successful Maxillary Nerve Blockade in Horses.

Maxillary nerve blocks (MNBs) commonly facilitate dental surgeries in standing horses. The goal of this prospective, blinded, cross-over design trial including 15 client-owned horses was to evaluate 3 methods of sensory function testing for confirming a successful MNB. Testing was performed bilaterally before sedation, 5 min after sedation, and 15 and 30 min after MNB with 0.

Caudal epidural catheterization for pain management in 48 hospitalized horses: A descriptive study of demographics, complications, and outcomes.

The placement of caudal epidural catheters in horses has become more frequent as a multi-modal analgesic strategy. Despite its integration into clinical practice, there are limited reports describing the use of caudal epidural catheterization for prolonged use in horses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the hospitalized caseload undergoing epidural catheterization for long-term epidural analgesic administration, to report the response to epidural therapy and observed complications, and to describe patient outcomes.

Effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline solution on cardiovascular parameters and endogenous arginine vasopressin secretion in euvolemic isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Objective: To compare the effects of 7.2% hypertonic and 0.9% isotonic saline (sodium chloride) solutions on cardiovascular parameters and plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations in healthy, isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Comparison of cervical epidural morphine with intravenous morphine administration on antinociception in adult horses using thermal threshold testing.

Objective: To compare the antinociceptive effects of morphine administered via cervical epidural catheter to intravenously administered morphine using a thermal threshold (TT) testing model in healthy adult horses.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded experimental study.

Animals: A total of six university-owned adult horses.

Intratracheal oxygen administration increases FIO2 and PaO2 compared with intranasal administration in healthy, standing horses.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 2 different oxygen delivery strategies-intranasal and tracheal insufflation-on the inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2) in standing horses and to determine the time needed for arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) equilibration.

Animals: 6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures: In this blinded, randomized crossover design study, horses were randomly assigned to receive oxygen via nasal cannula (group N) or transcutaneous tracheal catheter (group T).

Flow-controlled expiration improves respiratory mechanics, ventilation, and gas exchange in anesthetized horses.

Objective: Mechanical ventilation is usually achieved by active lung inflation during inspiration and passive lung emptying during expiration. By contrast, flow-controlled expiration (FLEX) ventilation actively reduces the rate of lung emptying by causing linear gas flow throughout the expiratory phase. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of FLEX on lung compliance and gas exchange in anesthetized horses in dorsal recumbency.

Comparison of the zip skin closure system with conventional suture for skin closure of ventral midline incisions in horses.

Objective: To compare the application and healing of the zip skin closure system (ZSCS) with sutured closure by use of a split-scar model of ventral midline incisions in horses in a prospective, randomized experimental study.

Animals: 8 adult horses.

Procedures: All horses underwent an exploratory ventral midline celiotomy with a standardized 30-cm skin incision.

Clinical effect of buprenorphine or butorphanol, in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on sedation and postoperative pain after cheek tooth extraction in horses.

The objective of this study was to compare effects of butorphanol (BUT) or buprenorphine (BUP), in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgical conditions, and postoperative pain control after cheek tooth extraction in horses, randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (BUT: = 20; BUP: = 20). A bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) was followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.

Cervical Epidural Spinal Analgesia for Acute Management of Severe Unilateral Forelimb Lameness: Case Report.

A 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented with severe right forelimb lameness (5/5 AAEP Lameness Scale) due to a tear of the superficial digital flexor muscle which was diagnosed palpation of swelling and ultrasonography revealing major muscle fiber disruption and hematoma formation. When traditional systemic therapy (non-Steroidal anti-inflammatories) did not restore clinically acceptable comfort and the risk of supporting limb laminitis became a reasonable concern, a cervical epidural catheter was placed between the first and second cervical vertebrae in the standing, sedated patient using ultrasound guidance. The gelding was treated with epidural morphine (0.

Pharmacology of the Equine Foot: Medical Pain Management for Laminitis.

One of the biggest challenges in managing laminitis in horses remains the control of pain. The best analgesic approach is a multimodal approach, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and/or constant rate infusions of α-2 agonists, ketamine, and lidocaine. Recent literature indicates that amitriptyline and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor might be beneficial.

Effect of thermodilution injectate volume and temperature on the accuracy and precision of cardiac output measurements for healthy anesthetized horses.

Objective: To compare the accuracy and precision of cardiac output (CO) measurements derived from 4 thermodilution protocols that used different injectate temperatures and volumes in healthy adult horses.

Animals: 8 healthy adult horses.

Procedures: Horses were anesthetized and instrumented with Swan-Ganz catheters.