Keratinization of the adult male foreskin and implications for male circumcision.

Objective: The theory that a more thinly keratinized inner foreskin leads to increased HIV-1 susceptibility has been based on relatively little published data. We sought to quantify the keratin thicknesses of the inner and outer foreskin to determine the plausibility of this hypothesis.

Design: We took repeated measurements of the keratin layer of 16 adult male foreskins to determine whether differences existed between the inner and outer foreskin.

Imaging of HIV/host protein interactions.

HIV-1 relies on a myriad of interactions with host cell proteins to carry out its life cycle. Traditional biochemical approaches to probe protein-protein interactions are limited in their ability to study the spatial and dynamic interactions that take place in the context of an intact cell. However, issues such as localization and dynamics of interactions between viral and host proteins can be well addressed utilizing fluorescent imaging methods.

Demographic characteristics of patients using a fully integrated psychosocial support service for cancer patients.

Background: Psychosocial support services are an important component of modern cancer treatment. A major challenge for all psychosocial services is the achievement of equity of use. Previous studies in the UK have found that women of higher socio-economic status with breast cancer were over-represented amongst those accessing support services.

Best interests, dementia and the Mental Capacity Act (2005).

The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is an impressive piece of legislation that deserves serious ethical attention, but much of the commentary on the Act has focussed on its legal and practical implications rather than the underlying ethical concepts. This paper examines the approach that the Act takes to best interests. The Act does not provide an account of the underlying concept of best interests.

Attitudes of patients with anorexia nervosa to compulsory treatment and coercion.

Background: The compulsory treatment of anorexia nervosa is a contentious issue. Research suggests that patients are often subject to compulsion and coercion even without formal compulsory treatment orders. Research also suggests that patients suffering from anorexia nervosa can change their minds in retrospect about compulsion.

A randomised, controlled trial of the psychological effects of reflexology in early breast cancer.

Purpose: To conduct a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effects of reflexology on quality of life (QofL) in women with early breast cancer.

Patients And Methods: One hundred and eighty-three women were randomised 6 weeks post-breast surgery to self-initiated support (SIS) (comparator intervention), SIS plus reflexology, or SIS plus scalp massage (control for physical and social contact). Reflexology and massage comprised eight sessions at weekly intervals.

A serotoninergic basis for hyperphagic eating changes in Alzheimer's disease.

Hyperphagia and associated eating changes occur frequently in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and lead to considerable morbidity. However, the neurochemical basis for these neuropsychiatric behaviours is at present unclear. In this study, we measured serotonin transporters, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(4) receptors using radioligand binding assays in the postmortem temporal cortex of a cohort of controls and AD patients longitudinally assessed for hyperphagia.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in rats treated with erythropoietin and intravenous iron.

Purpose: To use a rat model for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) that was administered high-dose gadodiamide to determine whether the co-administration of erythropoietin (Epo) and intravenous iron potentiated development of skin lesions that are thought to be a marker for the development of NSF.

Materials And Methods: The local committee for animal research approved this study. High-dose gadodiamide was administered, 2.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus.

To reliably infect a primate model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), approximately 10,000-fold more virus must be delivered vaginally than intravenously. However, the vaginal mechanisms that help protect against HIV are poorly understood. Here, we report that human cervicovaginal mucus (CVM), obtained from donors with normal lactobacillus-dominated vaginal flora, efficiently traps HIV, causing it to diffuse more than 1,000-fold more slowly than it does in water.

Hemodynamics in Normal Cerebral Arteries: Qualitative Comparison of 4D Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance and Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Detailed knowledge of the hemodynamic conditions in normal cerebral arteries is important for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the initiation and progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Information about the baseline values of hemodynamic variables such as wall shear stresses is necessary for comparison to pathological conditions such as in cerebral aneurysms or arterial stenoses. The purpose of this study was to compare the blood flow patterns in cerebral arteries of normal subjects determined by 4D phase-contrast magnetic resonance and image-based computational fluid dynamics techniques in order to assess their consistency and to highlight their differences.

Evaluation of intracranial stenoses and aneurysms with accelerated 4D flow.

The aim of this study was to evaluate intracranial arterial stenoses and aneurysms with accelerated time-resolved three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast MRI or 4D flow. The 4D flow technique was utilized to image four normal volunteers, two patients with intracranial stenoses and two patients with intracranial aneurysms. In order to reduce scan time, parallel imaging was combined with an acquisition strategy that eliminates the corners of k-space.

An inquiry into the principles of needs-based allocation of health care.

The concept of need is often proposed as providing an additional or alternative criterion to cost-effectiveness in making allocation decisions in health care. If it is to be of practical value it must be sufficiently precisely characterized to be useful to decision makers. This will require both an account of how degree of need for an intervention is to be determined and a prioritization rule that clarifies how degree of need and the cost of the intervention interact in determining the relative priority of the intervention.

Validation of a mutated PRE sequence allowing high and sustained transgene expression while abrogating WHV-X protein synthesis: application to the gene therapy of WAS.

The woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) is widely used in retroviral gene transfer vectors. However, this element contains an open-reading frame (ORF) encoding a truncated peptide of the woodchuck hepatitis virus X protein (WHX). Because we are developing a lentiviral vector for the gene therapy of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), we evaluated whether the WPRE was needed in the gene transfer cassette and tested the possibility of replacing it with a mutated derivative.

Initial experience characterizing a type I endoleak from velocity profiles using time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI.

We report the first utilization of time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, termed 4D flow, to image a type I endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair. The combination of 4D flow and a traditional magnetic resonance angiogram can aid in the accurate detection and characterization of endoleaks by combining the three-dimensional resolution of cross-sectional imaging with the temporally resolved velocity data of Doppler ultrasound.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease who received gadopentetate dimeglumine.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have received gadopentetate dimeglumine.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients who underwent contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imagings (CE-MRIs) between January 1, 2004 and May 31, 2007, in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a managed care organization providing care for more than 3.3 million residents in Northern California.

HIV infection of the genital mucosa in women.

The vast majority of new HIV infections are acquired via the genital and rectal mucosa. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of how HIV establishes local infection, with an emphasis on viral invasion through the female genital tract. Studies using human explant tissues and in vivo animal studies have improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways of infection; this information could be harnessed to design effective HIV vaccines and microbicides.

HIV-1 infection of human penile explant tissue and protection by candidate microbicides.

Objective: Factors governing events between exposure of male genital mucosa surfaces and the establishment of infection are poorly understood. Furthermore, little is known about the safety and efficacy of microbicides on male genital mucosa.

Design: Here we present a novel penile tissue explant model to characterize the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection of male genital tissue and evaluate candidate microbicides.

Psychiatrists' attitudes towards autonomy, best interests and compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa: a questionnaire survey.

Background: The compulsory treatment of anorexia nervosa is a contentious issue. Research suggests that psychiatrists have a range of attitudes towards patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, and towards the use of compulsory treatment for the disorder.

Methods: A postal self-completed attitudinal questionnaire was sent to senior psychiatrists in the United Kingdom who were mostly general adult psychiatrists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, or psychiatrists with an interest in eating disorders.

Live cell imaging of the HIV-1 life cycle.

Technology developed in the past 10 years has dramatically increased the ability of researchers to directly visualize and measure various stages of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle. In many cases, imaging-based approaches have filled critical gaps in our understanding of how certain aspects of viral replication occur in cells. Specifically, live cell imaging has allowed a better understanding of dynamic, transient events that occur during HIV-1 replication, including the steps involved in viral fusion, trafficking of the viral nucleoprotein complex in the cytoplasm and even the nucleus during infection and the formation of new virions from an infected cell.