Proposed Nutrition Competencies for Medical Students and Physician Trainees: A Consensus Statement.

Importance: In 2022, the US House of Representatives passed a bipartisan resolution (House of Representatives Resolution 1118 at the 117th Congress [2021-2022]) calling for meaningful nutrition education for medical trainees. This was prompted by increasing health care spending attributed to the growing prevalence of nutrition-related diseases and the substantial federal funding via Medicare that supports graduate medical education. In March 2023, medical education professional organizations agreed to identify nutrition competencies for medical education.

Effect of Oat β-Glucan Supplementation on Chronic Kidney Disease: A Feasibility Study.

Objective: Dietary supplementation with grains containing high β-glucan fiber has been shown to attenuate the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and vascular calcification in animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of consuming an oat β-glucan supplement and to assess its effects on certain uremic toxins and markers of mineral metabolism in patients with CKD.

Design: This is a 20-week, nonrandomized, single-center, pretest-posttest study.

Brief Report: Zinc Supplementation and Inflammation in Treated HIV.

Objective: In this study, we explored the effect of zinc supplementation on markers of inflammation and monocyte activation in antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV infection.

Methods: This is a phase I open-labeled randomized double-arm study, exploring the efficacy and safety of zinc supplementation on inflammation in ≥18-year-old people living with HIV in the US, on stable antiretroviral therapy and with zinc levels ≤75 µg/dL in the last 60 days. Patients were randomized 1:1 to zinc gluconate capsules at a dose of 45 mg (low-dose), or 90 mg (high-dose) elemental zinc daily for 16 weeks.

Exercise-induced improvements in glucose effectiveness are blunted by a high glycemic diet in adults with prediabetes.

Aims: Glucose effectiveness (GE) refers to the ability of glucose to influence its own metabolism through insulin-independent mechanisms. Diminished GE is a predictor of progression to type 2 diabetes. Exercise training improves GE, however, little is known about how dietary interventions, such as manipulating the glycemic index of diets, interact with exercise-induced improvements in GE in at-risk populations.

Trends and determinants of stunting among under-5s: evidence from the 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys.

Objective: To describe trends of childhood stunting among under-5s in Uganda and to assess the impact of maternal education, wealth and residence on stunting.

Design: Serial and pooled cross-sectional analyses of data from Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) of 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2011. Prevalence of stunting and mean height-for-age Z-score were computed by maternal education, wealth index, region and other sociodemographic characteristics.

Exercise training-induced improvement in skeletal muscle PGC-1α-mediated fat metabolism is independent of dietary glycemic index.

Objective: This study hypothesized that a low-glycemic diet combined with exercise would increase expression of nuclear regulators of fat transport and oxidation in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle.

Method: Nineteen subjects (64 ± 1 y; 34 ± 1 kg/m ) were randomized to receive isocaloric high-glycemic-index (HiGIX; 80 ± 0.6 units, n = 10) or low-glycemic-index (LoGIX; 40 ± 0.

Nutrition Recommendations in Elderly and Aging.

Maintaining optimal health and well-being in the older adult requires understanding of how physiologic changes influence nutritional status, familiarity with the available validated tools to assess status, identification of factors predisposing older adults to malnutrition, and evidence-based practice regarding the nutritional needs of this age group. Evidence-based guidance on these core practice components is provided to the clinician in this article.

Lifestyle-induced decrease in fat mass improves adiponectin secretion in obese adults.

Purpose: Several studies have identified relationships between weight loss and adipokine levels; however, none have looked at the combined effect of aerobic exercise training with the consumption of a low- or a high-glycemic diet. We examined the effects of 12 wk of aerobic exercise combined with either a low-glycemic index diet (∼40 U) plus exercise (LoGIX) or a high-glycemic index diet (∼80 U) diet plus exercise (HiGIX) on plasma leptin and adiponectin (total and high molecular weight [HMW]) in 27 older obese adults (age = 65 ± 0.5 yr, body mass index = 34.

Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.

Background: The efficacy of combining carbohydrate quality with exercise on metabolic syndrome risk is unclear. Thus, we determined the effects of exercise training with a low (LoGIx)- or high (HiGIx)-glycemic index diet on the severity of the metabolic syndrome (Z-score).

Methods: Twenty-one adults (66.

Intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity are increased following a short-term low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention.

The relationship between intramyocellular (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) accumulation and skeletal muscle insulin resistance is complex and dynamic. We examined the effect of a short-term (7-day) low-glycemic index (LGI) diet and aerobic exercise training intervention (EX) on IMCL and insulin sensitivity in older, insulin-resistant humans. Participants (66 ± 1 yr, BMI 33 ± 1 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to a parallel, controlled feeding trial [either an LGI (LGI/EX, n = 7) or high GI (HGI/EX, n = 8) eucaloric diet] combined with supervised exercise (60 min/day, 85% HR(max)).

A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults.

Low-glycemic index diets and exercise independently improve glucose tolerance and reduce diabetes risk. However, the combined effect of a low-glycemic index diet and exercise on inflammation and glucose metabolism is not known. Therefore, we randomized 28 insulin-resistant adults (age: 66 ± 1 y; BMI: 34.

A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.

Background: The optimal lifestyle intervention that reverses diabetes risk factors is not known.

Objective: We examined the effect of a low-glycemic index (GI) diet and exercise intervention on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in obese, prediabetic individuals.

Design: Twenty-two participants [mean ± SEM age: 66 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 34.

Exercise training and dietary glycemic load may have synergistic effects on insulin resistance in older obese adults.

Background/aims: The aim of this study was to assess the combined effects of exercise and dietary glycemic load on insulin resistance in older obese adults.

Methods: Eleven men and women (62 +/- 2 years; 97.6 +/- 4.

Randomized trial on the effects of a 7-d low-glycemic diet and exercise intervention on insulin resistance in older obese humans.

Background: The optimal combination of diet and exercise that produces the greatest reversal of obesity-related insulin resistance is unknown.

Objectives: We examined the effects of a combined 7-d low-glycemic index (low-GI) diet and exercise training intervention on insulin sensitivity in older obese humans.

Design: Participants [n = 32; mean (+/-SEM) age: 66 +/- 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 33.

A high glycemic meal suppresses the postprandial leptin response in normal healthy adults.

Background/aims: To evaluate the metabolic effects of meals with varying glycemic index (GI).

Methods: We measured the glucose, insulin and leptin responses to two contrasting breakfast cereals in a group of 10 young healthy volunteers. Meals were provided on two separate occasions in random order after a 12-hour overnight fast, and consisted of 50 g of available carbohydrate from either Corn Flakes (Kellogg's), or Fiber One (General Mills).