Hypertonic Saline Induces Host Protective Immune Responses against Infection in Mice.

Hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation can enhance immune responses against various pathogens, however, the effect of HTS on brucellosis is yet to be defined. In this study, we found that HTS inhibited infection in mice by augmenting Th1 immunity. HTS treatment enhanced the serum cytokines production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) p50 and p65, crucial anti- effectors in splenocytes.

Enhancement of mycobacterial pathogenesis by host interferon-γ.

The cytokine IFNγ is a principal effector of macrophage activation and immune resistance to mycobacterial infection; however, pathogenic mycobacteria are capable of surviving in IFNγ-activated macrophages by largely unknown mechanisms. In this study, we find that pathogenic mycobacteria, including M. bovis BCG and M.

Intracellular growth of Brucella is mediated by Dps-dependent activation of ferritinophagy.

Bacteria of the genus Brucella cause brucellosis, one of the world's most common zoonotic diseases. A major contributor to Brucella's virulence is the ability to circumvent host immune defense mechanisms. Here, we find that the DNA-binding protein Dps from Brucella is secreted within the macrophage cytosol, modulating host iron homeostasis and mediating intracellular growth of Brucella.

Effects of chronic crude oil exposure on the fitness of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) through changes in growth, energy reserves and survival.

Climate models predict extended periods with sea-ice free Arctic waters during the next decade, which will allow more shipping activity and easier access to petroleum resources. Increased industrial activities raise concerns about the biological effects of accidental petroleum release on key species of the Arctic marine ecosystem, such as the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). This study examines effects on physiological traits related to the fitness of adult polar cod, such as growth, survival, and lipid parameters.

Distribution and ecology of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the eastern Barents Sea: A review of historical literature.

The polar cod (Boreogadus saida) has a circumpolar distribution and is the most abundant planktivorous fish in the Arctic. Declining sea-ice coverage impacts polar cod directly and also facilitates expansion of human activities in the region leading to increasing anthropogenic pressures on biota. Here we summarize current data and knowledge on polar cod from the Russian sector of the Barents Sea and discuss knowledge needs for the management of polar cod under changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts.

Levels of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factor, Including IgA Isotypes, and Articular Manifestations in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease.

Systemic presence of arthritis autoantibodies (AAb) is specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). AAb initiation might be triggered by chronic mucosal inflammation, such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed the prevalence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients, with regard to the prevalence of joint complaints in AAb+ versus AAb- IBD patients.

Contrasting responses to salinity and future ocean acidification in arctic populations of the amphipod Gammarus setosus.

Climate change is leading to alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry in arctic/sub-arctic marine ecosystems. We examined three nominal populations of the circumpolar arctic/subarctic amphipod, Gammarus setosus, along a salinity gradient in the Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden area of Svalbard. Field and laboratory experiments assessed physiological (haemolymph osmolality and gill Na/K-ATPase activity, NKA) and energetic responses (metabolic rates, MO, and Cellular Energy Allocation, CEA).

Summer and winter MgCO levels in the skeletons of Arctic bryozoans.

In the Arctic, seasonal patterns in seawater biochemical conditions are shaped by physical, chemical, and biological processes related to the alternation of seasons, i.e. winter polar night and summer midnight sun.

Diagnostic value of axillary artery ultrasound in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis.

Objectives: To compare colour duplex ultrasonography (CDU) findings with axillary 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT findings and to compare the diagnostic performance of temporal and axillary artery CDU with temporal artery CDU alone.

Methods: Patients suspected of GCA were retrospectively included. Presence of a halo or occlusion was considered a positive CDU finding.

Immunogenicity and protective response induced by recombinant Brucella abortus proteins Adk, SecB and combination of these two recombinant proteins against a virulent strain B. abortus 544 infection in BALB/c mice.

In this study, two recombinant proteins encoded by Brucella abortus genes Adk and SecB were evaluated as single subunit vaccine (SSV) as well as combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against B. abortus infection in BALB/c mice. These genes were cloned into pcold-TF expression system and recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α.

Pelagic occurrences of the ice amphipod throughout the Arctic.

is a common, sea ice-associated amphipod found throughout the Arctic Ocean and has long been considered permanently associated with the sea ice habitat. However, pelagic occurrences of have also been reported. It was recently suggested that overwinters at depth within the Atlantic-water inflow near Svalbard, to avoid being exported out of the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait.

Serum calcification propensity in type 1 diabetes associates with mineral stress.

Aims: Increased vascular calcification could be an underlying mechanism of cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Calcificationpropensitycan be monitored by the maturation time of calciprotein particles in serum (T test). A high calcification propensity (i.

Interleukin 6 Promotes Clearance by Controlling Bactericidal Activity of Macrophages and CD8 T Cell Differentiation.

To date, the implications of interleukin 6 (IL-6) for immune responses in the context of infection are still unknown. In the present study, we found that infection induced marked production of IL-6 in mice that was important for sufficient differentiation of CD8 T cells, a key factor in clearance. Blocking IL-6 signaling also significantly induced serum IL-4 and IL-10, together with a decreased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) level, suggesting that IL-6 is essential for priming the T-helper (Th) 1 cell immune response during infection.

A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean.

In the Arctic Ocean ice algae constitute a key ecosystem component and the ice algal spring bloom a critical event in the annual production cycle. The bulk of ice algal biomass is usually found in the bottom few cm of the sea ice and dominated by pennate diatoms attached to the ice matrix. Here we report a red tide of the phototrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum located at the ice-water interface of newly formed pack ice of the high Arctic in early spring.

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) restricts Brucella abortus 544 survival through promoting lysosomal-mediated killing and NO production in macrophages.

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines, particularly IL-1α and IL-1β, are potent regulators of innate immunity that play key roles in host defense against infection, hence we evaluated the role of these cytokines in the control of brucellosis within RAW 264.7 cells. Marked expression and secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β were observed during Brucella infection in macrophages.

Substantial Protective Immunity Conferred by a Combination of Recombinant Proteins against 544 Infection in BALB/c Mice.

Chronic infection with intracellular () in livestock remains as a major problem worldwide. Thus, the search for an ideal vaccine is still ongoing. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a combination of recombinant proteins; superoxide dismutase (rSodC), riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), 50S ribosomal protein (rL7/L12) and malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), cloned and expressed into a pMal vector system and DH5α, respectively, and further purified and applied intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice.

Emodin Successfully Inhibited Invasion of Via Modulting Adherence, Microtubule Dynamics and ERK Signaling Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells.

The aim of this work is to investigate the protective efficacy of emodin, an active, naturally-occurring anthraquinone derivative of several traditional Chinese herbs, against infection in macrophages. were incubated with different concentrations of emodin and showed that bacterial survival rates were markedly reduced in a dose-dependent manner at increasing incubation time points. Through bacterial infection assay, the highest non-cytotoxic concentration of emodin demonstrated attenuated invasion of into macrophages, however it did not inhibit the growth of these pathogens within the host cells.

The Key Role of c-Fos for Immune Regulation and Bacterial Dissemination in Infected Macrophage.

The cellular oncogene c-Fos (c-Fos) is a component of activator protein 1 (AP1), a master transcriptional regulator of cells. The suppression of c-Fos signaling by siRNA treatment resulted in significant induction of TLR4, which subsequently activates p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and enhances F-actin polymerization, leading to an increase in phagocytosis. During infection, c-Fos signaling is induced, which activates the downstream innate-immunity signaling cascade for bacterial clearance.

F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography assessed microcalcifications in culprit and non-culprit human carotid plaques.

Background: F-NaF positron emission tomography (PET) targets microcalcifications. We compared in vitro microPET assessed F-NaF uptake between culprit and non-culprit human carotid plaques. Furthermore, we compared F-NaF uptake with calcification visualized on microcomputed tomography (microCT).

Heat-stress-modulated induction of NF-κB leads to brucellacidal pro-inflammatory defense against Brucella abortus infection in murine macrophages and in a mouse model.

Background: Brucella causes a chronic and debilitating infection that leads to great economic losses and a public health burden. In this study, we demonstrated the brucellacidal effect of heat shock mediated by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and apoptosis in murine macrophages and in mice.

Results: RAW264.

Effects of gallic acid on signaling kinases in murine macrophages and immune modulation against Brucella abortus 544 infection in mice.

In this study, we investigated the effects of gallic acid (GA) in intracellular signaling within murine macrophages and its contribution to host immunity during Brucella infection. In vitro analysis revealed that GA treatment decreased F-actin content and suppressed p38α phosphorylation level. In vivo analysis showed that GA treatment reduced inflammation and proliferation of Brucella in spleens of mice in comparison to PBS treatment yielding a significant protection unit.

Immunization of BALB/c mice with a combination of four recombinant Brucella abortus proteins, AspC, Dps, InpB and Ndk, confers a marked protection against a virulent strain of Brucella abortus.

In this study, we assessed the protective efficacy of single subunit vaccines, encoded by the B. abortus 544 genes aspC, dps, yaeC and inpB, against B. abortus infection in mice.