Serum biomarkers in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy.

Background: Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a form of childhood interstitial lung disease of unknown origin associated with hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). Diagnosis is based on the characteristic clinical picture and typical radiological imaging, and, in some cases, on lung biopsies. To date, no biochemical indicators of the disease have been identified.

Health-related quality scores in childhood interstitial lung disease: Good agreement between patient and caregiver reports.

Introduction: Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) is a heterogeneous group of mostly chronic respiratory disorders. Assessment of health-related quality of life (HrQoL) in chILD has become increasingly important in clinical care and research. The aim of this study was to assess differences between patient-reported (self) and caregiver-reported (proxy) HrQoL scores.

Diagnostic workup of childhood interstitial lung disease.

Childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILDs) are rare and heterogeneous diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. An accurate and quick aetiological diagnosis may contribute to better management and personalised treatment. On behalf of the European Respiratory Society Clinical Research Collaboration for chILD (ERS CRC chILD-EU), this review summarises the roles of the general paediatrician, paediatric pulmonologists and expert centres in the complex diagnostic workup.

COVID-19 in patients with persistent tachypnea of infancy.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised substantial concern for patients with chronic lung diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children with persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI).

Methods: Data on the history of COVID-19, including diagnosis and clinical course of the infection, were collected during the regular follow-up visits of children previously diagnosed with PTI.

Characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with interstitial lung disease.

Background: Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) is a rare group of respiratory tract disorders. One of the factors suggested to be associated with its etiopathogenesis is microaspiration related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of GERD in children with chILD, with a particular focus on proximal GER episodes.

Pulmonary function in children with persistent tachypnea of infancy.

Background: Data on the prevalence and type of lung function impairment in preschool and school-aged children previously diagnosed with persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI) are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to assess pulmonary function in this age group.

Methods: Children diagnosed with PTI over 3 years old were admitted for follow-up visits and healthy controls were enrolled.

The improved clinical course of persistent tachypnea of infancy with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids.

Background: Persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI) is the most common interstitial lung disease in young children. As no standardized therapeutic guidelines exist, different pharmaceuticals are used to treat PTI; inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators being mostly used. This observation assessed the effectiveness of bronchodilators and ICS in children with PTI enrolled in the children's interstitial lung diseases (chILD)-EU Register.

Persistent tachypnea of infancy: Follow up at school age.

Background: Persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI) is a rare pediatric lung disease of unknown origin. The diagnosis can be made by clinical presentation and chest high resolution computed tomography after exclusion of other causes. Clinical courses beyond infancy have rarely been assessed.

ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Paediatric Assembly.

In this article, the Group Chairs and the Early Career Members of the Paediatric Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) highlight some of the most interesting findings in the field of paediatrics presented at the 2019 ERS International Congress, which was held in Madrid, Spain. The main findings from each group are summarised at the end of each chapter.

Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome Complicated With Primary Pulmonary Granulomas.

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, severe immunodeficiency, and predisposition to lymphoid malignancy. In this report, we describe a case of a 9-year-old boy, previously diagnosed with NBS and symptoms of dyspnea, dry cough, and fever. Despite initial recognition of pneumonia, there was no response to broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment, negative results from microbiological tests, and unclear changes in lung imaging were observed.

Natural history of Hymenoptera venom allergy in children not treated with immunotherapy.

Background: Differences in treatment approach still exist for children after systemic sting reactions. In addition, there are still some doubts about when systemic reactors should be treated with venom immunotherapy (VIT).

Objective: To determine the rate of sting recurrence and natural history of Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) in children not treated with VIT.