Amniotes co-opt intrinsic genetic instability to protect germ-line genome integrity.

Unlike PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) in other species that mostly target transposable elements (TEs), >80% of piRNAs in adult mammalian testes lack obvious targets. However, mammalian piRNA sequences and piRNA-producing loci evolve more rapidly than the rest of the genome for unknown reasons. Here, through comparative studies of chickens, ducks, mice, and humans, as well as long-read nanopore sequencing on diverse chicken breeds, we find that piRNA loci across amniotes experience: (1) a high local mutation rate of structural variations (SVs, mutations ≥ 50 bp in size); (2) positive selection to suppress young and actively mobilizing TEs commencing at the pachytene stage of meiosis during germ cell development; and (3) negative selection to purge deleterious SV hotspots.

The Outer Membrane Vesicles of Serovar Typhimurium Activate Chicken Immune Cells through Lipopolysaccharides and Membrane Proteins.

is a common pathogen which can secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, the effect of OMVs from Serovar Typhimurium ( Typhimurium) of poultry origin on cells of the chicken innate immune system is not well known. In this study, Typhimurium OMVs were first isolated from three different poultry strains of , CVCC542, SALA, and SALB.

Nitrate decreases methane production also by increasing methane oxidation through stimulating NC10 population in ruminal culture.

Studies proved that addition of nitrate in rumen could lead to reduction of methane emission. The mechanism of this function was involved in the competition effect of nitrate on hydrogen consumption and the inhibitory effect of generated nitrite on methanogen proliferation. The present study investigated an alternative mechanism that denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing (DAMO) bacteria, DAMO archaea and anammox bacteria may co-exist in rumen, therefore, more methane can be oxidized when addition of nitrate.