Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Families of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Fig Wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play important roles in detecting pathogens and initiating the innate immune response. Different evolutionary histories of pollinators and non-pollinators may result in different immune recognition systems. A previous study had reported that there were significant differences in peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) between pollinators and non-pollinators in gene number and lineage of specific genes.

Genomes of 12 fig wasps provide insights into the adaptation of pollinators to fig syconia.

Figs and fig pollinators are one of the few classic textbook examples of obligate pollination mutualism. The specific dependence of fig pollinators on the relatively safe living environment with sufficient food sources in the enclosed fig syconia implies that they are vulnerable to habitat changes. However, there is still no extensive genomic evidence to reveal the evolutionary footprint of this long-term mutually beneficial symbiosis in fig pollinators.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Sexually Divergent Host- Interaction Patterns in a Fig Wasp.

are widely distributed in arthropods and nematodes, acquiring nutrients from the hosts, and inducing remarkable reproductive modulations on the hosts. To investigate the interaction of and insects, are often artificially eliminated from -infected hosts, which may produce negative effects of antibiotics. In the present study, based on the transcriptomic data of a fig wasp species with two sibling lineages, one natively infected and the other noninfected with , we investigated the expression patterns of genes.

Inferring the Phylogenetic Positions of Two Fig Wasp Subfamilies of Epichrysomallinae and Sycophaginae Using Transcriptomes and Mitochondrial Data.

Fig wasps are a group of insects (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) that live in the compact syconia of fig trees (Moraceae: ). Accurate classification and phylogenetic results are very important for studies of fig wasps, but the taxonomic statuses of some fig wasps, especially the non-pollinating subfamilies are difficult to determine, such as Epichrysomallinae and Sycophaginae. To resolve the taxonomic statuses of Epichrysomallinae and Sycophaginae, we obtained transcriptomes and mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) data for four species of fig wasps.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Genes in Fig Wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).

The innate immunity is the most important defense against pathogen of insects, and the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) play an important role in the processes of immune recognition and initiation of Toll, IMD and other signal pathways. In fig wasps, pollinators and non-pollinators present different evolutionary histories and lifestyles, even though both are closely associated with fig syconia, which may indicate their different patterns in the evolution of PGRPs. By manual annotation, we got all the PGRP genes of 12 fig wasp species, containing seven pollinators and five non-pollinators, and investigated their putative different evolutionary patterns.

Transcriptome analysis of the male polymorphisms of fig wasp species Philotrypesis tridentata.

Intraspecific male polymorphism exhibiting extreme differences in morphology, behavior and life history presents good opportunities to explore adaptation mechanisms to different environments. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic differences between wingless and winged morphs of a fig wasp species Philotrypesis tridentata to investigate molecular basis to maintain polymorphisms. The winged male adults fly outside fig syconia to mate, while the wingless only stay and mate inside fig syconia where they have developed.

[Analysis of the Composition of Atmospheric Fine Particles (PM) Produced by Burning Fireworks].

Burning fireworks is one of the sources of atmospheric fine particles (PM). The Chinese Spring Festival in Quanzhou City was taken as an example to study the effects of burning fireworks on the occurrence of PM, and provide information on protection against air pollution caused by special pollution sources. The results showed that the concentrations of SO, PM, and PM increased appreciably, and the concentration of PM increased most significantly during the fireworks burning period.

2,2'-Anhydro-1-(3',5'-di-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil, a cyclouridine nucleoside with a C4'-endo furanosyl conformation.

2,2'-Anhydro-1-(3',5'-di-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil, C13H14N2O7, was obtained by refluxing 2',3'-O-(methoxymethylene)uridine in acetic anhydride. The structure exhibits a nearly perfect C4'-endo ((4)E) conformation. The best four-atom plane of the five-membered furanose ring is O-C-C-C, involving the C atoms of the fused five-membered oxazolidine ring, and the torsion angle is only -0.

1-(Phenyl-sulfon-yl)naphthalene.

In the title compound, C(16)H(12)O(2)S, the phenyl ring is nearly perpendicular to the naphthalene system [dihedral angle = 80.3 (1)°]. The packing is consolidated by a weak C-H⋯π inter-action involving neighbouring naphthalene and benzene rings.

5-{2-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-[2-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimeth-oxy-phen-yl)eth-oxy]eth-yl}-1,2,3-trimeth-oxy-benzene.

The title compound, C(34)H(36)Cl(2)O(7), is a by-product from the reaction of 4-chloro-benzyl-zinc chloride with 3,4,5-trimeth-oxy-benzaldehyde. In each of the two 1,2-diphenyl-ethyl moieties, the two benzene rings are arranged in a trans conformation and make C(ar)-C-C-C(ar) torsion angles of 163.64 (19) and 174.