Dynamic changes in human THP-1-derived M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization during MIF induction.

Macrophages are innate immune cells with essential roles in the immune response during helminth infection. Particularly, the direction of macrophage polarization could contribute to pathogen trapping and killing as well as tissue repair and the resolution of type 2 inflammation. This study establishes that the recombinant protein of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (-MIF) induces THP-1-derived macrophages to undergo M1 to M2 type dynamic polarization, using the methods of flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, differential transcriptomic analysis and western blot.

Identification and Functional Characterization of CYP4D2 Putatively Associated with β-Cypermethrin Detoxification in .

, a polyphagous pest, serves as a vector for in China. Currently, there are no effective control strategies for this vector. Agricultural pest control may cause to become a threat due to the development of pesticide resistance.

Laboratory Culture and Life Cycle of in Intermediate and Definitive Hosts.

Human thelaziasis caused by is being increasingly reported worldwide. Notably, an epidemic trend is observed in Southwest China. Whether found in Southwest China can act as a vector of and human-derived animal infections has not been widely reported.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of Thelazia callipaeda induces M2-like macrophage polarization through TLR4-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immunoregulatory cytokine plays an important role in inflammation and the immune response, and has been described as having a potential role in immune evasion by parasites. Thelazia callipaeda, a vector-borne zoonotic eye worm with a broad host range, has been documented as an agent of ocular infection of thelaziosis. The ability of T.