ARHGEF37 overexpression promotes extravasation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via directly activating Cdc42.

Background: The extravasation capability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells plays a vital role in distant metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism of extravasation in HCC lung metastasis remains largely unclear.

Methods: The expression of ARHGEF37 in human HCC specimens and HCC cell lines was examined by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses.

Vascular air embolism during percutaneous nephrolithotomy without pneumopyelogram: a case report of successful rescue.

Vascular air embolism (VAE) is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Paradoxical air embolization resulting from VAE may be more likely to occur in patients with an atrial-septal defect, such as patent foramen ovale. Here, the case of a female patient with VAE that occurred during percutaneous nephrolithotomy is presented.