Targeting the mTOR Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products.

Despite advancements in cancer treatment through surgery and drugs, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant challenge, as reflected by its low survival rates. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Notably, dysregulation leading to the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway is common in HCC, making it a key focus for in-depth research and a target for current therapeutic strategies.

Anti-Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Antibody Type 2-Associated Autoimmune Cerebellar Degeneration in Children: A Different Phenotype From Adults.

Background: Anti-Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 2 (PCA-2) is associated with various neurological conditions in adults. However, related studies have not been conducted in children. The present study aimed to characterize the clinical features and outcomes of PCA-2-related autoimmune cerebellar degeneration in pediatric patients.

A case report of lymphoproliferative disease in brain following therapies with mycophenolate Mofetil and Fingolimod and literature review.

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder. With the method of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF), more anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients have been discovered when its first onset. But it was rare that anti-NMDAR encephalitis overlapped with multiple sclerosis (MS) documented in literatures.

COVID-19-Associated Cerebellar Ataxia: A Case Series.

COVID-19-associated cerebellar ataxia has rarely been reported and its clinical characteristics remain understudied. This study aims to report patients with COVID-19-associated cerebellar ataxia from our institution. COVID-19-associated cerebellar ataxia was diagnosed based on the prodromal COVID-19 infection and the exclusion of other causes.

Comparison of the diagnostic significance of cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing copy number variation analysis and cytology in leptomeningeal malignancy.

Background: Diagnosis and monitoring of leptomeningeal malignancy remain challenging, and are usually based on neurological, radiological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pathological findings. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of CSF metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and chromosome copy number variations (CNVs) analysis in the detection of leptomeningeal malignancy.

Methods: Of the 51 patients included in the study, 34 patients were diagnosed with leptomeningeal malignancies, and 17 patients were diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases.

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome with claustrum lesion: an underdiagnosed inflammatory encephalopathy.

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics and prognosis of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome with claustrum lesions (FIRES-C).

Method: Clinical data of FIRES-C patients were collected retrospectively. The study reviewed and analyzed their clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and prognosis.

Autoantibodies against eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta in two patients with autoimmune cerebellar ataxia.

Background: Autoantibodies are useful biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA).

Objective: To identify novel autoantibody candidates in ACA patients.

Methods: Patients with cerebellar ataxia of unknown cause were recruited from July 2018 to February 2023.

Prognostic and relapsing factors of primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors influencing relapse and prognosis in patients with primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (PACA), an area previously not well understood.

Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients who satisfied the modified diagnostic criteria of PACA. A modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2 at the last follow-up was defined as a favorable prognosis.

Case report: Mononeuropathy multiplex of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as systemic vasculitis.

Background: Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that typically develops in the upper aerodigestive tract.

Case Presentation: We encountered an ENKTL patient who presented with purpura-like rashes and foot drops as initial symptoms and later developed other peripheral nerve involvement. The nerve conduction study of both the motor nerve and the sensory nerve showed axonal damage resembling mononeuropathy multiplex.

Pembrolizumab for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in China.

The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of Chinese patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) who were treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) blockade therapies. We retrospectively analyzed patients who were admitted to our hospital between October 1, 2020, and October 1, 2022, diagnosed with PML and treated with PD1 blockade therapies. Four patients with PML who were treated with PD1 blockade therapies were identified.

Sera anti-neuronal antibodies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and their correlations with clinical profiles.

Background: Immune factors were involved in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of the study was to test anti-neuronal antibodies in sera of IBS patients and demonstrate their correlations with IBS profiles and psychological disorders.

Methods: Patients with IBS met Rome III criteria and excluded organic diseases were enrolled.

Diagnostic Superiority of 18 F-FDG PET Over MRI in Detecting Anti-LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis : A Comparative Study With Insights Into Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Mechanisms and Recurrence Identification.

Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the utility of 18 F-FDG PET imaging in diagnosing and monitoring patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody autoimmune encephalitis (anti-LGI1 AE). We also sought to understand the mechanisms of faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDSs).

Patients And Methods: We analyzed 18 F-FDG PET scans from 50 patients with anti-LGI1 AE, using visual and semiquantitative methods, and compared these with 24 healthy controls.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with COVID-19: case series and systematic review.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare neurological complication related to COVID-19. Here we present a case series of six Chinese cases with ANE associated with COVID-19 and review all reported cases in the literature. A total of six cases with ANE related to COVID-19 were enrolled in this study.

Mycophenolate mofetil reduces the risk of relapse in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 encephalitis: a prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is frequently used in the treatment of neurological autoimmune disorders. However, its effect on the relapse risk in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (anti-LGI1) encephalitis is not well studied.

Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients were grouped according to MMF treatment status (MMF and non-MMF groups).

Personalized brain MRI revealed distinct functional and anatomical disruptions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Aims: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder, which leads to a rapidly progressive dementia. This study aimed to examine the cortical alterations in CJD, changes in these brain characteristics over time, and the differences between CJD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) that show similar clinical manifestations.

Methods: To obtain reliable, subject-specific functional measures, we acquired 24 min of resting-state fMRI data from each subject.

Abundant infiltration of B cells and plasma cells in brain biopsy of a male patient with severe anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: A case report.

Rationale: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis mediated by NMDAR antibodies. The pathological process remains unclear, especially in patients without tumors or infections. Autopsy and biopsy studies have rarely been reported because of the favorable prognosis.

Integrating host transcriptomic signatures for distinguishing autoimmune encephalitis in cerebrospinal fluid by metagenomic sequencing.

Background: The early accurate diagnoses for autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and infectious encephalitis (IE) are essential since the treatments for them are different. This study aims to discover some specific and sensitive biomarkers to distinguish AE from IE at early stage to give specific treatments for good outcomes.

Results: We compared the host gene expression profiles and microbial diversities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 41 patients with IE and 18 patients with AE through meta-transcriptomic sequencing.

Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Purkinje cells antibodies: the next frontier of neuroimmunology.

Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA) is an important cause of sporadic cerebellar ataxia. Technological innovation promotes the rapid development of cerebellar autoimmunity researches in recent years. More and more new antibodies have been proposed to be associated with ACA.

Anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 encephalitis: Five case reports and literature review.

Objective: To describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) encephalitis.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of five patients with anti-mGluR5 encephalitis, and performed a literature review.

Results: The five cases included a 52-year-old man who developed a biphasic course of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis, a 22-year-old woman who showed bilateral basal ganglia lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a 36-year-old man with mixed aphasia and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, a 51-year-old man presented with personality changes, hallucinations, delusions, sleeping disorders and a 58-year-old man with short-term memory deficits and absence seizures.

Seizure semiology and predictors of outcomes in Chinese patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated neurological syndrome.

Background: In the current study, seizure semiology and potential predictive factors of seizure outcomes in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD Ab)-associated neurological syndrome were investigated.

Methods: In this study, 32 Chinese patients with GAD Ab-associated neurological syndrome who presented with seizures at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2017 to October 2022 were reviewed; 30 had a follow-up duration of more than 1 year.

Results: Among the 32 patients, 10 presented with epilepsy alone.

[Response of Topsoil Fungal Community Structure to Soil Improvement Measures in Degraded Forest of Red Soil Region].

Soil fungal community structure and diversity are highly sensitive to variations in the external environment, as well as soil improvement measures. In order to clarify the effects of soil improvement measures on topsoil fertility or quality, a field experiment was conducted in eroded forest of a red soil region. Organic fertilizer, biochar, and lime+microbial fertilizer were added to the topsoil, respectively.

Neurological disorders associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies: Clinical spectrum and prognosis of a cohort from China.

Objective: To describe clinical phenotypes and prognosis of neurological autoimmunity related to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibodies in China.

Method: In this retrospective observational study from Peking Union Medical College Hospital, we identified patients with neurological disorders related to GAD65 antibodies (cell-based assay) from May 2015 to September 2021. Clinical manifestations, immunotherapy responsiveness, and outcomes were collected after obtaining informed consent from all patients.

Anti-Tr/DNER antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia: three rare cases report and literature review.

Background: To report three cases of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia related to anti-delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (Tr/DNER) antibodies.

Case Presentation: Patients with unknown cerebellar ataxia were screened with autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA)-related antibody panel. The anti-Tr antibody was positive in three female patients in whom the onset ages were 43 years, 35 years and 43 years old.

The "hot cross bun sign" in patients with autoimmune cerebellar ataxia: A case report and literature review.

Objectives: The "hot cross bun sign" (HCBs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been initially considered specific for multiple system atrophy with cerebellar features. However, a number of other conditions have since been described, which may be associated with this imaging sign. We herein describe a patient with anti-Ri and paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia, and review the association of the HCBs on imaging with various neurological autoimmune conditions.