The Arabidopsis BUB1/MAD3 family protein BMF3 requires BUB3.3 to recruit CDC20 to kinetochores in spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures faithful chromosome segregation during cell division by monitoring kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Plants produce both sequence-conserved and diverged SAC components, and it has been largely unknown how SAC activation leads to the assembly of these proteins at unattached kinetochores to prevent cells from entering anaphase. In , the noncanonical BUB3.

Transcriptome analysis with different leaf blades identifies the phloem-specific phosphate transporter OsPHO1;3 required for phosphate homeostasis in rice.

Phosphate (Pi) is essential for plant growth and development. One strategy to improve Pi use efficiency is to enhance Pi remobilization among leaves. Using transcriptome analysis with first (top) and fourth (down) leaf blades from rice (Oryza sativa) in Pi-sufficient and deficient conditions, we identified 1384 genes differentially expressed among these leaf blades.

A Phenomenological Investigation Into the Meaning of Food in Palliative Care Patients With Anorexia.

Little has been published on the meaning of food to palliative care patients with anorexia. Our study aims to investigate the meaning of food in palliative patients with anorexia. Fifteen patients with anorexia were recruited from the Palliative Care Unit of an acute hospital in Singapore from August 2018 to August 2021.

Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis evidences the interaction between sugars and phosphate in rice.

Phosphorus is one of the macro-elements required by plants, but phosphate (Pi), the only form that can be absorbed by plants, is always limited for plant growth and development. To adapt to Pi deficiency, plants have evolved a complex regulatory system to improve Pi acquisition and utilization efficiency. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed to exam the global metabolites and gene expressions profiles responding to Pi deficiency in rice.

The differences and overlaps in the seed-resident microbiome of four Leguminous and three Gramineous forages.

Given the important roles that seed-borne endophytes can play on their plant hosts, comprehensive studies of the bacterial and fungal communities of seeds are of great importance. In this study, we assessed the seed endophytes of three gramineous (Avena sativa, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus) and four leguminous (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pretense and Medicago sativa) forages using high-throughput sequencing. In total, 1013 distinct bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 922 fungal OTUs were detected, with bacteria and fungi per sample ranging from 240 to 425 and 261 to 463 respectively.

Transcriptome profiles identify the common responsive genes to drought stress in two Elymus species.

Elymus, the largest genus of the Triticeae Dumort, is a forage grass in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where the climate has gradually become increasingly dry in recent years. To understand the mechanisms of the response to drought stress in Elymus species, we first investigated physiological and biochemical responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) simulated drought stress in two Elymus species, Elymus nutans and Elymus sibiricus, and found that E. nutans was more tolerant to drought stress than E.

Mutation of the chloroplast-localized phosphate transporter OsPHT2;1 reduces flavonoid accumulation and UV tolerance in rice.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for plant development and production. The mechanisms regulating phosphate (Pi) uptake are well established, but the function of chloroplast Pi homeostasis is poorly understood in Oryza sativa (rice). PHT2;1 is one of the transporters/translocators mediating Pi import into chloroplasts.

Phosphoproteomic Profiling Reveals the Importance of CK2, MAPKs and CDPKs in Response to Phosphate Starvation in Rice.

Phosphorus is one of the most important macronutrients required for plant growth and development. The importance of phosphorylation modification in regulating phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in plants is emerging. We performed phosphoproteomic profiling to characterize proteins whose degree of phosphorylation is altered in response to Pi starvation in rice root.

The role of OsNLA1 in regulating arsenate uptake and tolerance in rice.

Arsenic (As) contamination in agricultural soil can cause phytotoxicity and lead to As accumulation in crops. Rice (Oryza sativa) feeds half of the world's population, but the molecular mechanism of As detoxification is not well understood in rice. In this study, the role of OsNLA1 in arsenate uptake and tolerance in rice was analyzed.

A Phosphate-Starvation Induced RING-Type E3 Ligase Maintains Phosphate Homeostasis Partially Through OsSPX2 in Rice.

Phosphate (Pi), as the main form of phosphorus that can be absorbed by plants, is one of the most limiting macro-nutrients for plants. However, the mechanism for maintaining Pi homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa) is still not well understood. We identified a Pi-starvation-induced E3 ligase (OsPIE1) in rice.

N gene enhances resistance to Chilli veinal mottle virus and hypersensitivity to salt stress in tobacco.

Plants use multiple mechanisms to fight against pathogen infection. One of the major mechanisms involves the disease resistance (R) gene, which specifically mediates plant defense. Recent studies have shown that R genes have broad spectrum effects in response to various stresses.

α-Expansin EXPA4 Positively Regulates Abiotic Stress Tolerance but Negatively Regulates Pathogen Resistance in Nicotiana tabacum.

Since they function as cell wall-loosening proteins, expansins can affect plant growth, developmental processes and environmental stress responses. Our previous study demonstrated that changes in Nicotiana tabacum α-expansin 4 (EXPA4) expression affect the sensitivity of tobacco to Tobacco mosaic virus [recombinant TMV encoding green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP)] infection by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. In this study, to characterize the function of tobacco EXPA4 further, EXPA4 RNA interfernce (RNAi) mutants and overexpression lines were generated and assayed for their tolerance to abiotic stress and resistance to pathogens.

Alpha-momorcharin enhances Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in tobacco by manipulating jasmonic acid-salicylic acid crosstalk.

Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is a type-I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) with a molecular weight of 29 kDa found in plants. This protein has been shown to be effective against a broad range of human viruses and also has anti-tumor activities. However, the mechanism by which α-MMC induces plant defense responses and regulates the N gene to promote resistance to the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is still not clear.

Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in brassinosteroid-mediated virus resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting plant hormones that play a crucial role in biotic stress responses. Here, we found that BR treatment increased nitric oxide (NO) accumulation, and a significant reduction of virus accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the plants pre-treated with NO scavenger [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO)] or nitrate reductase (NR) inhibitor (tungstate) hardly had any NO generation and appeared to have the highest viral replication and suffer more damages.

Tobacco alpha-expansin EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against Tobacco mosaic virus.

Tobacco EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against virus attack and affects antioxidative metabolism and phytohormone-mediated immunity responses in tobacco. Expansins are cell wall-loosening proteins known for their endogenous functions in cell wall extensibility during plant growth. The effects of expansins on plant growth, developmental processes and environment stress responses have been well studied.

Photo-protective mechanisms in reed canary grass to alleviate photo-inhibition of PSII on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Due to its characteristic of high biomass yield potential, there is considerable interest in cultivating Phalaris arundinacea L. cv. 'chuancaoyin No.

The Roles of Alpha-Momorcharin and Jasmonic Acid in Modulating the Response of to .

Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is a type-I ribosome inactivating protein with a molecular weight of 29 kDa that is found in , and has been shown to be effective against a broad range of human viruses as well as having anti-tumor activities. However, the role of endogenous α-MMC under viral infection and the mechanism of the anti-viral activities of α-MMC in plants are still unknown. To study the effect of α-MMC on plant viral defense and how α-MMC increases plant resistance to virus, the - (CMV) interaction system was investigated.

Medicago truncatula genotypes Jemalong A17 and R108 show contrasting variations under drought stress.

Drought is one of the most significant abiotic stresses that restrict crop productivity. Medicago truncatula is a model legume species with a wide genetic diversity. We compared the differential physiological and molecular changes of two genotypes of M.

Role of Transcription Factor HAT1 in Modulating Arabidopsis thaliana Response to Cucumber mosaic virus.

Arabidopsis thaliana homeodomain-leucine zipper protein 1 (HAT1) belongs to the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) family class II that plays important roles in plant growth and development as a transcription factor. To elucidate further the role of HD-Zip II transcription factors in plant defense, the A. thaliana hat1, hat1hat3 and hat1hat2hat3 mutants and HAT1 overexpression plants (HAT1OX) were challenged with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).

Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 functions in nitrogen regulation of flowering.

The phenomenon of delayed flowering after the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has long been known in agriculture, but the detailed molecular basis for this phenomenon is largely unclear. Here we used a modified method of suppression-subtractive hybridization to identify two key factors involved in N-regulated flowering time control in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely ferredoxin-NADP(+)-oxidoreductase and the blue-light receptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1). The expression of both genes is induced by low N levels, and their loss-of-function mutants are insensitive to altered N concentration.

Mitochondrial energy-dissipation pathway and cellular redox disruption compromises Arabidopsis resistance to turnip crinkle virus infection.

Members of the plant mitochondrial energy-dissipation pathway (MEDP) coordinate cellular energy metabolism, redox homeostasis and the balance of ROS production. However, the roles of MEDP members, particularly uncoupling protein (UCP), in resistance to turnip crinkle virus infection (TCV) are poorly understood. Here, we showed that disrupting some MEDP genes compromises plant resistance to TCV viral infection and this is partly associated with damaged photosynthetic characteristics, altered cellular redox and increased ROS production.

Alternative oxidase pathway is involved in the exogenous SNP-elevated tolerance of Medicago truncatula to salt stress.

Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) would enhance the tolerance of plants to stress conditions. Some evidences suggested that nitric oxide (NO) could induce the expression of alternative oxidase (AOX). In this study, Medicago truncatula (Medicago) was chosen to study the role of AOX in the SNP-elevated resistance to salt stress.

Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, mechanisms by which BRs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of BRs in plant defense against Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana.