Programmable C:G to G:C genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9-directed base excision repair proteins.

Many genetic diseases are caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Base editors can correct these mutations at single-nucleotide resolution, but until recently, only allowed for transition edits, addressing four out of twelve possible DNA base substitutions. Here, we develop a class of C:G to G:C Base Editors to create single-base genomic transversions in human cells.

Sox14 Is Required for a Specific Subset of Cerebello-Olivary Projections.

We identify as an exclusive marker of inhibitory projection neurons in the lateral and interposed, but not the medial, cerebellar nuclei. neurons make up ∼80% of neurons in these nuclei and are indistinguishable by soma size from other inhibitory neurons. All neurons of the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei are generated at approximately E10/10.

Tectal-derived interneurons contribute to phasic and tonic inhibition in the visual thalamus.

The release of GABA from local interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN-INs) provides inhibitory control during visual processing within the thalamus. It is commonly assumed that this important class of interneurons originates from within the thalamic complex, but we now show that during early postnatal development Sox14/Otx2-expressing precursor cells migrate from the dorsal midbrain to generate dLGN-INs. The unexpected extra-diencephalic origin of dLGN-INs sets them apart from GABAergic neurons of the reticular thalamic nucleus.