Kerr nonlinearity assisted magnetically induced transparency in cavity magnon polaritons.

We investigate optical transmission in cavity magnon polaritons and discover a complex multi-window magnetically induced transparency and a bistability with magnetic and optical characteristics. With the regulation of Kerr nonlinear effects and driven fields, a complex multi-window resonant transmission with fast and slow light effects appears, which includes transparency and absorption windows. The magnetically induced transparency and absorption can be explained by the destructive and constructive interference between different excitation pathways.

Visual Deprivation Retards the Maturation of Dendritic Fields and Receptive Fields of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells.

It was well documented that both the size of the dendritic field and receptive field of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are developmentally regulated in the mammalian retina, and visual stimulation is required for the maturation of the dendritic and receptive fields of mouse RGCs. However, it is not clear whether the developmental changes of the RGC receptive field correlate with the dendritic field and whether visual stimulation regulates the maturation of the dendritic field and receptive field of RGCs in a correlated manner. The present work demonstrated that both the dendritic and receptive fields of RGCs continuously develop after eye opening.

Fabrication of Carboxymethylcellulose/Metal-Organic Framework Beads for Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution.

The ability to remove toxic heavy metals, such as Pb(II), from the environment is an important objective from both human-health and ecological perspectives. Herein, we describe the fabrication of a novel carboxymethylcellulose-coated metal organic material (MOF-5⁻CMC) adsorbent that removed lead ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Preparation and Evaluation of Peptides with Potential Antioxidant Activity by Microwave Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Collagen from Sea Cucumber Obtained from Zhejiang Province in China.

The present study was focused on the preparation and characterization of the antioxidant peptides by microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen from sea cucumber (ASC-Am) obtained from Zhejiang Province in China. The results exhibited the effects of microwave irradiation on hydrolysis of ASC-Am with different protease. Neutrase was selected from the four common proteases (papain, pepsin, trypsin, and neutrase) based on the highest content and DPPH scavenging activity of hydrolysate Fa (Molecular weight < 1 kDa).

Reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the blood of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborns.

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is commonly detected during mass screening for neonatal disease. We developed a method to measure reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for detecting G6PD deficiency.

Methods: The concentration of GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio in newborn dry-blood-spot (DBS) screening and in blood plus sodium citrate for test confirmation were examined by MS/MS using labeled glycine as an internal standard.

Retinal Wave Patterns Are Governed by Mutual Excitation among Starburst Amacrine Cells and Drive the Refinement and Maintenance of Visual Circuits.

Unlabelled: Retinal waves are correlated bursts of spontaneous activity whose spatiotemporal patterns are critical for early activity-dependent circuit elaboration and refinement in the mammalian visual system. Three separate developmental wave epochs or stages have been described, but the mechanism(s) of pattern generation of each and their distinct roles in visual circuit development remain incompletely understood. We used neuroanatomical,in vitroandin vivoelectrophysiological, and optical imaging techniques in genetically manipulated mice to examine the mechanisms of wave initiation and propagation and the role of wave patterns in visual circuit development.

Pharmacokinetic study of ofloxacin enantiomers in Pagrosomus major by chiral HPLC.

(S)-(-)-Ofloxacin and (R)-(+)-ofloxacin concentrations in the plasma of Pagrosomus major after drug treatment were detected by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography, and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from these data. The elimination half-life of (S)-(-)-ofloxacin was significantly shorter than that of the (R)-(+) enantiomer. (S)-(-)-Ofloxacin also had a significantly lower maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity, and mean residence time than (R)-(+)-ofloxacin.

GABAergic regulation of spontaneous spike patterns in the developing rabbit retina.

Spontaneous retinal waves play a critical role in the establishment of precise neuronal connections in the developing visual system. Retinal waves in mammals progress through three distinct developmental stages prior to eye opening. Using multielectrode array (MEA) recording from the rabbit retina, this study found characteristic changes in the spontaneous spike pattern in the ganglion cell layer during the transition from stage II to stage III retinal waves.

Spatial pattern of spontaneous retinal waves instructs retinotopic map refinement more than activity frequency.

Spontaneous activity during early development is necessary for the formation of precise neural connections, but it remains uncertain whether activity plays an instructive or permissive role in brain wiring. In the visual system, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the brain form two prominent sensory maps, one reflecting eye of origin and the other retinotopic location. Recent studies provide compelling evidence supporting an instructive role for spontaneous retinal activity in the development of eye-specific projections, but evidence for a similarly instructive role in the development of retinotopy is more equivocal.

Dopamine D2 receptors preferentially regulate the development of light responses of the inner retina.

Retinal light responsiveness measured via electroretinography undergoes developmental modulation, and is thought to be critically regulated by both visual experience and dopamine. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether dopamine D2 receptors regulate the visual experience-dependent functional development of the retina. Accordingly, we recorded electroretinograms from wild-type mice and mice with a genetic deletion of the gene that encodes the D2 receptor raised under normal cyclic light conditions and constant darkness.

A general principle governs vision-dependent dendritic patterning of retinal ganglion cells.

Dendritic arbors of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) collect information over a certain area of the visual scene. The coverage territory and the arbor density of dendrites determine what fraction of the visual field is sampled by a single cell and at what resolution. However, it is not clear whether visual stimulation is required for the establishment of branching patterns of RGCs, and whether a general principle directs the dendritic patterning of diverse RGCs.

Dopamine D1 receptors regulate the light dependent development of retinal synaptic responses.

Retinal synaptic connections and function are developmentally regulated. Retinal synaptic activity plays critical roles in the development of retinal synaptic circuitry. Dopamine receptors have been thought to play important roles in the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in central nervous system.

Competition driven by retinal waves promotes morphological and functional synaptic development of neurons in the superior colliculus.

Prior to eye opening, waves of spontaneous activity sweep across the developing retina. These "retinal waves," together with genetically encoded molecular mechanisms, mediate the formation of visual maps in the brain. However, the specific role of wave activity in synapse development in retino-recipient brain regions is unclear.

Visual map development depends on the temporal pattern of binocular activity in mice.

Binocular competition is thought to drive eye-specific segregation in the developing visual system, potentially through Hebbian synaptic learning rules that are sensitive to correlations in afferent activity. Altering retinal activity can disrupt eye-specific segregation, but little is known about the temporal features of binocular activity that modulate visual map development. We used optogenetic techniques to directly manipulate retinal activity in vivo and identified a critical period before eye opening in mice when specific binocular features of retinal activity drive visual map development.

Role of adenylate cyclase 1 in retinofugal map development.

The development of topographic maps of the sensory periphery is sensitive to the disruption of adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1) signaling. AC1 catalyzes the production of cAMP in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner, and AC1 mutant mice (AC1−/−) have disordered visual and somatotopic maps. However, the broad expression of AC1 in the brain and the promiscuous nature of cAMP signaling have frustrated attempts to determine the underlying mechanism of AC1-dependent map development.

An instructive role for patterned spontaneous retinal activity in mouse visual map development.

Complex neural circuits in the mammalian brain develop through a combination of genetic instruction and activity-dependent refinement. The relative role of these factors and the form of neuronal activity responsible for circuit development is a matter of significant debate. In the mammalian visual system, retinal ganglion cell projections to the brain are mapped with respect to retinotopic location and eye of origin.

Rapid and reliable detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene mutations in Han Chinese using high-resolution melting analysis.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an X-linked inherited disease, is one of the most common enzymopathies and affects over 400 million people worldwide. In China at least 21 distinct point mutations have been identified so far. In this study high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was used to screen for G6PD mutations in 260 unrelated Han Chinese individuals, and the rapidity and reliability of this method was investigated.

The immune protein CD3zeta is required for normal development of neural circuits in the retina.

Emerging evidence suggests that immune proteins regulate activity-dependent synapse formation in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice with mutations in class I major histocompatibility complex (MHCI) genes have incomplete eye-specific segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projections to the CNS. This effect has been attributed to causes that are nonretinal in origin.

Glycine receptor-mediated synaptic transmission regulates the maturation of ganglion cell synaptic connectivity.

It is well documented that neuronal activity is required for the developmental segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synaptic connectivity with ON and OFF bipolar cells in mammalian retina. Our recent study showed that light deprivation preferentially blocked the developmental RGC dendritic redistribution from the center to sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). To determine whether OFF signals in visual stimulation are required for OFF RGC dendritic development, the light-evoked responses and dendritic stratification patterns of RGCs in Spastic mutant mice, in which the OFF signal transmission in the rod pathway is largely blocked due to a reduction of glycine receptor (GlyR) expression, were quantitatively studied at different ages and rearing conditions.

Retinal ganglion cell dendrites undergo a visual activity-dependent redistribution after eye opening.

Recent studies showed that light stimulation is required for the maturational segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synaptic connectivity with ON and OFF bipolar cells in mammalian retina. However, it is not clear to what extent light stimulation regulates the maturation of RGC dendritic ramification and synaptic connections. The present work quantitatively analyzed the dendritic ramification patterns of different morphological subtypes of RGCs of developing mouse retinas and demonstrated that RGCs in all four major morphological subtypes underwent profound dendritic redistributions from the center to specific stratum of the IPL after eye opening.

Different effects of low Ca2+ on signal transmission from rods and cones to bipolar cells in carp retina.

Modulation of signal transmission from rods, red-sensitive (R-) and green-sensitive (G-) cones to bipolar cells by lowering extracellular Ca(2+) was studied in the isolated superfused carp retina using intracellular recording techniques. Low Ca(2+) (nominally Ca(2+)-free) potentiated light responses of rod dominant ON bipolar cells (rod-ON-BCs). On the other hand, responses of cone dominant ON bipolar cells (cone-ON-BCs) driven by G-cones were dramatically decreased whereas those driven by R-cones were hardly changed in low Ca(2+).

Expression of voltage-dependent calcium channel subunits in the rat retina.

The expression patterns of different Ca(2+) channel alpha(1) subunits (alpha(1A-E)) were immunohistochemically studied in the rat retina. Intense immunoreactivity (IR) for alpha(1A) (P/Q-type) and alpha(1B) (N-type) Ca(2+) channels was observed in both the outer and inner plexiform layers (OPL and IPL). In addition, alpha(1B)-IR was found in the outer and inner nuclear layers.