Depth profile studies on nickel rich cathode material surfaces after cycling with an electrolyte containing vinylene carbonate at elevated temperature.

Lithium-ion batteries with vinylene carbonate (VC) in the electrolyte exhibit superior electrochemical and thermal behavior at elevated temperature, especially with a high Ni content in the cathode material. When VC is added to the electrolyte, polymeric species are formed on the cathode surface by a ring-opening reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC) in the electrolyte and VC, respectively. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, we have confirmed that these polymer layers are porous and complementary to each other.

Identification of a novel peptide ligand targeting visceral adipose tissue via transdermal route by in vivo phage display.

To find novel peptide ligands targeting visceral adipose tissue (visceral fat) via transdermal route, in vivo phage display screening was conducted by dermal administration of a phage-peptide library to rats and a peptide sequence, CGLHPAFQC (designated as TDA1), was identified as a targeting ligand to visceral adipose tissue through the consecutive transdermal biopannings. Adipocyte-specific affinity and transdermal activity of the TDA1 were validated in vitro and targeting ability of the dermally administered TDA1 to visceral adipose tissue was also confirmed in vivo. TDA1 was effectively translocated into systemic circulation after dermal administration and selectively targeted visceral adipose tissue without any preference to other organs tested.