Correction: Icariin and icaritin recover UVB-induced photoaging by stimulating Nrf2/ARE and reducing AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways: a comparative study on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes.

Correction for 'Icariin and icaritin recover UVB-induced photoaging by stimulating Nrf2/ARE and reducing AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways: a comparative study on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes' by Eunson Hwang et al., Photochem. Photobiol.

Icariin and icaritin recover UVB-induced photoaging by stimulating Nrf2/ARE and reducing AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways: a comparative study on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes.

Icariin (ICA) and icaritin (ICT) exhibit many pharmacological functions including anti-osteoporosis, anti-cardiovascular, and anti-cancer activities; however, there are few comprehensive studies that track the detailed effects on UVB-induced photoaging. The recovery effects of ICA and ICT were investigated in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). The results indicated that ICT and ICA showed strong radical scavenging activity, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of ICT was superior.

Terrabacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from ginseng cultivating soil.

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, yellowish, coccus-rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gsoil 653) isolated from ginseng cultivating soil was characterized using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The strain Gsoil 653 exhibited optimal growth at pH 7.0 on R2A agar medium at 30°C.

Baekduia soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the soil of Baekdu Mountain and proposal of a novel family name, Baekduiaceae fam. nov.

A taxonomic study was conducted on BR7-21, a bacterial strain isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Baekdu Mountain. Comparative studies of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate was most closely related to Conexibacter woesei DSM 14684, Solirubrobacter pauli ATCC BAA-492, Patulibacter minatonensis JCM 12834, with 93.8%, 92.

Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain BXN5-31, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain BXN5-31 grew at 18-37 °C and at pH 6.0-8.

Gram-Scale Production of Ginsenoside F1 Using a Recombinant Bacterial β-Glucosidase.

Naturally occurring ginsenoside F1 (20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol) is rare. Here, we produced gram-scale quantities of ginsenoside F1 from a crude protopanaxatriol saponin mixture comprised mainly of Re and Rg1 through enzyme-mediated biotransformation using recombinant β-glucosidase (BgpA) cloned from a soil bacterium, Gsoil 3082. In a systematic step-by-step process, the concentrations of substrate, enzyme, and NaCl were determined for maximal production of F1.

Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848.

Background: Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848.

Identification and characterization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and its application for enhanced production of minor ginsenoside Rg2(S).

The ginsenoside Rg2(S), which is one of the pharmaceutical components of ginseng, is known to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the usage of ginsenoside Rg2(S) is restricted owing to the small amounts found in white and red ginseng. To enhance the production of ginsenoside Rg2(S) as a 100 gram unit with high specificity, yield, and purity, an enzymatic bioconversion method was developed to adopt the recombinant glycoside hydrolase (BglPC28), which is a ginsenoside-transforming recombinant β-glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp.

Kinetics of a cloned special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type III.

In this paper, the kinetics of a cloned special glucosidase, named ginsenosidase type III hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, were investigated. The gene (bgpA) encoding this enzyme was cloned from a Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans strain and then expressed in E. coli cells.

A novel ginsenosidase from an Aspergillus strain hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type IV.

Herein, a novel ginsenosidase, named ginsenosidase type IV, hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatrioltype ginsenosides (PPT), such as Re, R1, Rf, and Rg2, was isolated from the Aspergillus sp. 39g strain, purified, and characterized. Ginsenosidase type IV was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-alpha-L-(1-->2)-rhamnoside of Re and the 6-O-beta-D- (1-->2)-xyloside of R1 into ginsenoside Rg1.

Hymenobacter daecheongensis sp. nov., isolated from stream sediment.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, red-pink bacterium, designated strain Dae14(T), was isolated from stream sediment collected near Daecheong Dam, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Dae14(T) belonged to the genus Hymenobacter. Sequence similarities between strain Dae14(T) and the type strains of Hymenobacter species with validly published names ranged from 91.

Emticicia ginsengisoli sp. nov., a species of the family 'Flexibacteraceae' isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A taxonomic study was carried out on Gsoil 085T, a bacterial strain isolated from a soil sample from a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of this bacterium to the family 'Flexibacteraceae' and indicated that the closest relative was Emticicia oligotrophica GPTSA100-15T (94.6 % sequence similarity).

Kaistia granuli sp. nov., isolated from anaerobic granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.

A Gram-negative, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium (designated strain Ko04(T)) was isolated from anaerobic granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, and was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Ko04(T) belongs to the order Rhizobiales in the Alphaproteobacteria. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Ko04(T) was most closely related to Kaistia adipata (97.