Turbulence and Cavitation Suppression by Quaternary Ammonium Salt Additives.

We identify the physical mechanism through which newly developed quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) deposit control additives (DCAs) affect the rheological properties of cavitating turbulent flows, resulting in an increase in the volumetric efficiency of clean injectors fuelled with diesel or biodiesel fuels. Quaternary ammonium surfactants with appropriate counterions can be very effective in reducing the turbulent drag in aqueous solutions, however, less is known about the effect of such surfactants in oil-based solvents or in cavitating flow conditions. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations show that in traditional DCA fuel compositions only reverse spherical micelles form, whereas reverse cylindrical micelles are detected by blending the fuel with the QAS additive.

Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

This study was conducted to determine the prognostic value of some clinical, laboratory, histopathologic and therapeutic factors in 62 children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. There were no significant differences between the factors studied, except for severe interstitial fibrosis, which was more frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease (P=0.03).