High sensitivity cameras can lower spatial resolution in high-resolution optical microscopy.

High-resolution optical fluorescence microscopies and, in particular, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, are rapidly adopting highly sensitive cameras as their preferred photodetectors. Camera-based parallel detection facilitates high-speed live cell imaging with the highest spatial resolution. Here, we show that the drive to use ever more sensitive, photon-counting image sensors in cameras can, however, have detrimental effects on the spatial resolution of the resulting images.

Cow Farmers' Homes Host More Diverse Airborne Bacterial Communities Than Pig Farmers' Homes and Suburban Homes.

Living on a farm has been linked to a lower risk of immunoregulatory disorders, such as asthma, allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease. It is hypothesized that a decrease in the diversity and composition of indoor microbial communities is a sensible explanation for the upsurge in immunoregulatory diseases, with airborne bacteria contributing to this protective effect. However, the composition of this potentially beneficial microbial community in various farm and suburban indoor environments is still to be characterized.

Refining Atmosphere Profiles for Aerial Target Detection Models.

Atmospheric path radiance in the infrared is an extremely important quantity in calculating system performance in certain infrared detection systems. For infrared search and track (IRST) system performance calculations, the path radiance competes with the target for precious detector well electrons. In addition, the radiance differential between the target and the path radiance defines the signal level that must be detected.

QUAREP-LiMi: A community-driven initiative to establish guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility for instruments and images in light microscopy.

A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated , quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted.

Detection of small targets in the infrared: an infrared search and track tutorial.

Airborne target detection in the infrared has been classically known as infrared search and track or IRST. From a military point of view, it can be described as target detection at long ranges where the target image is subpixel in size. Here, the target is "unresolved.

Combinations of self-reported rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma predicts IgE sensitization in more than 25,000 Danes.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), and asthma composing multiple phenotypes and improved understanding of these phenotypes and their respective risk factors are needed.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to define the prevalence of AR, AC, and asthma and their association with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) sensitization in a large cohort of blood donors and identify risk factors.

Methods: From the nationwide population-based Danish Blood Donor Study, 52,976 participants completed an electronic questionnaire including AR, AC, asthma, allergic predisposition, and childhood residence.

Type of teat cup liner and cluster ventilation affect vacuum conditions in the liner and milking performance in dairy cows.

The optimal milking cluster should milk as gently as possible to minimize the mechanical effect on the teat tissue at an optimal milking performance and milk quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of liner shape (round vs. triangular) and type of cluster ventilation (claw vs.

The Association between Residential Green Space in Childhood and Development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Access to green space has been hypothesized to have a beneficial impact on children's mental well-being and cognitive development. The underlying mechanisms of the mental health benefits of green space are not fully understood, but different pathways have been suggested, such as the psychologically restoring capacities of green space, the ability to facilitate physical activity and social cohesion, and the mitigation of exposure to air pollution.

Objectives: In this nationwide cohort study, we investigated associations between residential green space in early childhood and a clinical diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study.

Background: Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups.

Methods: We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 ( = 4,401,348).

Air pollution and family related determinants of asthma onset and persistent wheezing in children: nationwide case-control study.

Objective: To identify risk factors (air pollution and family related) for the onset of asthma and persistent wheezing in children.

Design: Nationwide case-control study.

Setting: Denmark.

Effects of particulate matter on atherosclerosis: a link via high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality?

Background: Exposure to air pollution has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and ultimately increased morbidity and mortality. This is predominantly due to hazardous effects on the cardiovascular system. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is considered to be responsible for the most severe effects.

Design considerations for advanced MWIR target acquisition systems.

In this paper, mid-wave infrared (MWIR) sensor optimization is provided as a function of the parameter /, where is the -number, is the effective wavelength, and is the detector pitch. For diffraction limited systems, acquisition range is related to the instantaneous field of view (detector limited operation) when /<1, and to the optical properties (optics limited operation) when />2.0.

Towards real-time wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging of 5-ALA labeled brain tumors with multi-tap CMOS cameras.

Fluorescence guided neurosurgery based on 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has significantly increased maximal safe resections. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of 5-ALA could further boost this development by its increased sensitivity. However, neurosurgeons require real-time visual feedback which was so far limited in dual-tap CMOS camera based FLIM.

Insomnia associated with traffic noise and proximity to traffic-a cross-sectional study of the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe III population.

Study Objectives: Exposure to traffic noise increases the risk of sleeping disturbance, but little is known about the effect of traffic-related air pollution on insomnia symptoms. We aimed to investigate the separate associations of self-reported proximity to traffic and traffic noise with insomnia.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of the population included in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe study, consisting of randomly selected men and women born between 1945 and 1973, from 7 Northern European centers.

Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of O2 with a Frequency-Domain-Based Camera System.

We describe a method to image dissolved oxygen (O2), in 2D at high spatial (< 50-100 µm) and temporal (< 10 s) resolution. The method employs O2 sensitive luminescent sensor foils (planar optodes) in combination with a specialized camera system for imaging luminescence lifetime in the frequency-domain. Planar optodes are prepared by dissolving the O2-sensitive indicator dye in a polymer and spreading the mixture on a solid support in a defined thickness via knife coating.

Exposure to air pollution in early childhood and the association with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Background: Exposure to air pollution in early life has been linked to cognitive deficits and adverse neurodevelopmental effects. However, studies examining associations between air pollutants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have had conflicting findings.

Methods: Individuals born in Denmark 1992-2007 (n = 809,654) were followed for the development of ADHD from 1997 to 2013.

Autonomous patch-clamp robot for functional characterization of neurons in vivo: development and application to mouse visual cortex.

Patch clamping is the gold standard measurement technique for cell-type characterization in vivo, but it has low throughput, is difficult to scale, and requires highly skilled operation. We developed an autonomous robot that can acquire multiple consecutive patch-clamp recordings in vivo. In practice, 40 pipettes loaded into a carousel are sequentially filled and inserted into the brain, localized to a cell, used for patch clamping, and disposed.

Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of Chemical Sensors-A Comparison between Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Based Camera Systems.

Luminescence lifetime based imaging is still the most reliable method for generating chemical images using chemical sensor technology. However, only few commercial systems are available that enable imaging lifetimes within the relevant nanosecond to microsecond range. In this technical note we compare the performance of an older time-domain (TD) based camera system with a frequency-domain (FD) based camera system regarding their measuring characteristics and applicability for O and pH imaging in environmental samples and with different indicator dye systems emitting in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum.

Background-Free Fluorescence-Decay-Time Sensing and Imaging of pH with Highly Photostable Diazaoxotriangulenium Dyes.

Novel fluorescent diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA) pH indicators for lifetime-based self-referenced pH sensing are reported. The DAOTA dyes were decorated with phenolic-receptor groups inducing fluorescence quenching via a photoinduced-electron-transfer mechanism. Electron-withdrawing chlorine substituents ensure response in the most relevant pH range (apparent p K values of ∼5 and 7.

Signs in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Interviews with Managers and Staff on the Identification Process of Dementia.

The life expectancy of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has steadily increased, which has been accompanied by an increased risk of dementia. Staff and managers are key resources for safety diagnosis since they deliver information about people with ID behavior every day. The aim of the present study was to explore the identification process employed by staff and managers to detect signs of suspected dementia in people with an ID within intellectual disability services (ID-services).

Pig Farmers' Homes Harbor More Diverse Airborne Bacterial Communities Than Pig Stables or Suburban Homes.

Airborne bacterial communities are subject to conditions ill-suited to microbial activity and growth. In spite of this, air is an important transfer medium for bacteria, with the bacteria in indoor air having potentially major consequences for the health of a building's occupants. A major example is the decreased diversity and altered composition of indoor airborne microbial communities as a proposed explanation for the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergies worldwide.

Multi-neuron intracellular recording in vivo via interacting autopatching robots.

The activities of groups of neurons in a circuit or brain region are important for neuronal computations that contribute to behaviors and disease states. Traditional extracellular recordings have been powerful and scalable, but much less is known about the intracellular processes that lead to spiking activity. We present a robotic system, the multipatcher, capable of automatically obtaining blind whole-cell patch clamp recordings from multiple neurons simultaneously.

Robotic navigation to subcortical neural tissue for intracellular electrophysiology in vivo.

In vivo studies of neurophysiology using the whole cell patch-clamp technique enable exquisite access to both intracellular dynamics and cytosol of cells in the living brain but are underrepresented in deep subcortical nuclei because of fouling of the sensitive electrode tip. We have developed an autonomous method to navigate electrodes around obstacles such as blood vessels after identifying them as a source of contamination during regional pipette localization (RPL) in vivo. In mice, robotic navigation prevented fouling of the electrode tip, increasing RPL success probability 3 mm below the pial surface to 82% ( = 72/88) over traditional, linear localization (25%, = 24/95), and resulted in high-quality thalamic whole cell recordings with average access resistance (32.

Functional in vivo imaging using fluorescence lifetime light-sheet microscopy.

Light-sheet microscopy has become an indispensable tool for fast, low phototoxicity volumetric imaging of biological samples, predominantly providing structural or analyte concentration data in its standard format. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides functional contrast, but often at limited acquisition speeds and with complex implementation. Therefore, we incorporate a dedicated frequency domain CMOS FLIM camera and intensity-modulated laser into a light-sheet setup to add fluorescence lifetime imaging functionality, allowing the rapid acquisition of volumetric data with concentration independent contrast.

Optical method for automated measurement of glass micropipette tip geometry.

Many experimental biological techniques utilize hollow glass needles called micropipettes to perform fluid extraction, cell manipulation, and electrophysiological recordings For electrophysiological recordings, micropipettes are typically fabricated immediately before use using a "pipette puller", which uses open-loop control to heat a hollow glass capillary while applying a tensile load. Variability between manufactured micropipettes requires a highly trained operator to qualitatively inspect each micropipette; typically this is achieved by viewing the pipette under 40-100x magnification in order to ensure that the tip has the correct shape (e.g.