'I married when I was 16… due to poverty, I had no other way': multi-level factors influencing HIV-related sexual risk behaviours among adolescent girls in Zambézia, Mozambique.

This paper explores individual, interpersonal- and household-level factors influencing HIV-related sexual risk behaviour among adolescent girls who participated in an intervention to reduce HIV risk in a rural setting in Mozambique. Twenty-eight adolescent girls ages 13-19, 30 heads of household, and 53 influential men participated in in-depth interviews at two time points. Comparative analysis compared girls who reported reducing risk behaviours over time to girls who did not and identified factors that respondents described as influential to behaviour change.

Quasi-experimental evaluation using confirmatory procedures: A case study of an economic and social empowerment intervention to reduce girls' vulnerability to HIV in rural Mozambique.

Purpose: Our goal was to determine whether an economic and social empowerment intervention implemented in Zambézia Province, Mozambique reduced girls' vulnerability to HIV. We use this experience to discuss challenges of evaluating real-world interventions.

Methods: Two rounds of data were collected from 885 girls, 13-19 years, for this clustered, non-equivalent (two-stage) cohort trial.

A longitudinal qualitative evaluation of an economic and social empowerment intervention to reduce girls' vulnerability to HIV in rural Mozambique.

Purpose: An intervention including business training and health education was implemented in Mozambique, where girls are at elevated risk for acquiring HIV. As part of a mixed-methods evaluation, we describe perceived effects of the intervention on girls' sexual behavior and school attendance.

Methods: We conducted 49 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with girl intervention participants (ages 13-19), 24 IDIs with heads of girls' households, 36 IDIs with influential males identified by girls, and 12 focus group discussions with community members after the intervention ended and one year later.

Correlates of Rapid Repeat Pregnancy Among Adolescents and Young Women in Uganda.

Context: Short pregnancy intervals can contribute to maternal and child morbidity and mortality. No previous research has explored factors associated with short pregnancy intervals among young women in Uganda, where adolescent pregnancy and short birth intervals are common.

Methods: Data on 626 married or cohabiting women aged 15-22 with one or two previous pregnancies were drawn from the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey.

Assessment of the psychometric properties of HIV knowledge items across five countries.

HIV knowledge is commonly measured in HIV prevention research and program evaluations, but rigorous measurement standards are not always applied. Using item response theory methods, we examined the psychometric functioning of five commonly used HIV knowledge questions in five countries with varying HIV prevalence. We evaluated the internal consistency and measurement invariance of the items.

Evaluation of a communication campaign to improve continuation among first-time injectable contraceptive users in Nyando District, Kenya.

Context: Communication campaigns might be a viable means of improving contraceptive continuation; however, few such interventions aimed at reducing contraceptive discontinuation have been evaluated.

Methods: Data were collected from independent samples of new injectable users in Nyando District, Kenya-site of a communication campaign to increase contraceptive continuation-and in a comparison district, nine months before and nine months after intervention implementation. Survival analysis was used to compare the intervention and comparison groups with respect to the distribution of time until first discontinuation of modern method use among women still in need of family planning.

Qualitative study of reasons for discontinuation of injectable contraceptives among users and salient reference groups in Kenya.

Discontinuation of contraception is a major problem in Kenya. Even though they want to space or limit their births, over a quarter of contraceptive injectable users discontinue use of the method within 12 months of beginning use. Fourteen focus group discussions were conducted in Nyando District, Kenya among current contraceptive injectable users and their salient reference groups (e.

Partnering for Care in HIV Prevention Trials.

QUALITATIVE CASE STUDIES WERE conducted at seven international sites conducting HIV prevention research in Africa, Asia, and the Americas to identify strategies for ensuring that health needs of research participants identified in the course of research are adequately addressed. Key factors were identified that contribute to the balance between direct care and healthcare referrals at a research site, as well as the overall quality of the healthcare made available to research participants. The case studies exemplify the concept of "moral negotiation" in research (Weijer & LeBlanc, 2006), that is, a process where researchers and sponsors negotiate with increasingly empowered local communities and host countries to achieve meaningful and substantive benefits from biomedical research for all stakeholders.

MTV's "Staying Alive" global campaign promoted interpersonal communication about HIV and positive beliefs about HIV prevention.

In 2002 MTV launched a global multicomponent HIV prevention campaign, "Staying Alive," reaching over 166 countries worldwide. An evaluation of this campaign focused on three diverse sites: Kathmandu, Nepal; São Paulo, Brazil; and Dakar, Senegal. Data were collected before and after campaign implementation through population-based household surveys.

Exposure to MTV's global HIV prevention campaign in Kathmandu, Nepal; São Paulo, Brazil; and Dakar, Senegal.

In 2002 MTV aired a global media campaign, "Staying Alive," to promote HIV prevention among 16- to 25-year-olds. Skeptics believed that a global MTV campaign would reach only a small group of elite young people. MTV increased access to its campaign, however, by making all materials "rights free" to third-party (non-MTV) broadcasters.

Does MTV reach an appropriate audience for HIV prevention messages? Evidence from MTV viewership data in Nepal and Brazil.

In response to the growing numbers of young people affected by HIV around the world, MTV (Music TV), the world's largest television network, has aired a global HIV prevention campaign since 1999, expanding it into a multicomponent campaign in 2002. Questions have been raised, however, about whether MTV is an appropriate channel for these messages, given its provocative content and its reach to those at the upper end of the socioeconomic scale. To address questions about who MTV reaches, viewership data were analyzed from baseline surveys conducted as part of an evaluation of the 2002 HIV prevention campaign.