Hypothesis: Disrupted Regulation of the Intracranial Vascular and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulations Causes Nocturia.

Nocturia is a prevalent condition and may result from nocturnal polyuria, whereby overnight urine production is excessive. Anecdotal cases of idiopathic nocturnal polyuria in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders were identified suggest a potential mechanism. The skull constrains three circulatory systems: the CSF, interstitial fluid, and vascular supply.

Assessment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms where an undiagnosed neurological disease is suspected: A report from an International Continence Society consensus working group.

Aim: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a common urological referral, which sometimes can have a neurological basis in a patient with no formally diagnosed neurological disease ("occult neurology"). Early identification and specialist input is needed to avoid bad LUTS outcomes, and to initiate suitable neurological management.

Methods: The International Continence Society established a neurological working group to consider: Which neurological conditions may include LUTS as an early feature? What diagnostic evaluations should be undertaken in the LUTS clinic? A shortlist of conditions was drawn up by expert consensus and discussed at the annual congress of the International Neurourology Society.

Cardiovascular autonomic responses in patients with Parkinson disease to pedunculopontine deep brain stimulation.

Purpose: Dysautonomia can be a debilitating feature of Parkinson disease (PD). Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation may improve gait disorders in PD, and may also result in changes in autonomic performance.

Methods: To determine whether pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation improves cardiovascular responses to autonomic challenges of postural tilt and Valsalva manoeuver, eight patients with pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation were recruited to the study; two were excluded for technical reasons during testing.

Sensory thalamus and periaqueductal grey area local field potential signals during bladder filling.

The periaqueductal grey area and sensory thalamus are thought to be important nuclei involved in the supraspinal bladder control network. Deep brain stimulation of the periqueductal grey area has been shown to increase bladder capacity in the human. In a single patient, we have recorded local field potential signals from implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes within the sensory thalamus during filling cystometry with periaqueductal grey area deep brain stimulation in the ON and OFF states.

The Central Autonomic Network and Regulation of Bladder Function.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved in the regulation of physiologic and homeostatic parameters relating particularly to the visceral organs and the co-ordination of physiological responses to threat. Blood pressure and heart rate, respiration, pupillomotor reactivity, sexual function, gastrointestinal secretions and motility, and urine storage and micturition are all under a degree of ANS control. Furthermore, there is close integration between the ANS and other neural functions such as emotion and cognition, and thus brain regions that are known to be important for autonomic control are also implicated in emotional functions.

Investigation of urinary storage symptoms in Parkinson's disease utilizing structural MRI techniques.

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms occur in 27% to 86% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), however, the mechanisms responsible for bladder dysfunction are not fully understood. This study utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to test the hypothesis that key brainstem bladder control areas (including the pontine micturition center and the pontine continence center (PCC) and their links with the basal ganglia are important in the development of urinary storage symptoms in PD.

Methods: Seventeen patients with PD completed a "bladder symptom questionnaire" and underwent diffusion-weighted MRI (1.

Beta oscillations and urinary voiding in Parkinson disease.

Objectives: To investigate the role of beta oscillations in urinary voiding and their association with lower urinary tract symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods: We used surgically implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes to record local field potential signals from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi) of patients with PD during urinary voiding. Five patients with STN electrodes and 5 patients with GPi electrodes were tested.

Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation on human bladder function.

Aims: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a deep brain stimulation target for Parkinson's disease (PD). Unilateral PPN stimulation has been described in a previous case report to provoke urinary frequency, urgency and detrusor overactivity, due to probable activation of the pontine micturition center. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of bilateral PPN DBS on urodynamic parameters and to investigate the likely mechanisms using probabilistic tractography.

State of the Art: Novel Applications for Deep Brain Stimulation.

Objectives: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a rapidly developing field of neurosurgery with potential therapeutic applications that are relevant to conditions traditionally viewed as beyond the limits of neurosurgery. Our objective, in this review, is to highlight some of the emerging applications of DBS within three distinct but overlapping spheres, namely trauma, neuropsychiatry, and autonomic physiology.

Review Methods: An extensive literature review was carried out in MEDLINE, to identify relevant studies and review articles describing applications of DBS in the areas of trauma, neuropsychiatry and autonomic neuroscience.

Deep brain stimulation and multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic applications.

Deep brain stimulation is a neurosurgical technique that can be used to alleviate symptoms in a growing number of neurological conditions through modulating activity within brain networks. Certain applications of deep brain stimulation are relevant for the management of symptoms in multiple sclerosis. In this paper we discuss existing treatment options for tremor, facial pain and urinary dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and discuss evidence to support the potential use of deep brain stimulation for these symptoms.