Predicting the odds of chronic wasting disease with Habitat Risk software.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that was first detected in captive cervids in Colorado, United States (US) in 1967, but has since spread into free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) across the US and Canada as well as to Scandinavia and South Korea. In some areas, the disease is considered endemic in wild deer populations, and governmental wildlife agencies have employed epidemiological models to understand long-term environmental risk. However, continued rapid spread of CWD into new regions of the continent has underscored the need for extension of these models into broader tools applicable for wide use by wildlife agencies.

White-tailed deer () may serve as a wildlife reservoir for nearly extinct SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

The spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans to white-tailed deer (WTD) and its ability to transmit from deer to deer raised concerns about the role of WTD in the epidemiology and ecology of the virus. Here, we present a comprehensive cross-sectional study assessing the prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in WTD in the State of New York (NY). A total of 5,462 retropharyngeal lymph node samples collected from free-ranging hunter-harvested WTD during the hunting seasons of 2020 (Season 1, September to December 2020, n = 2,700) and 2021 (Season 2, September to December 2021, n = 2,762) were tested by SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR).

OCCURRENCE OF MANGE IN AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN NEW YORK STATE, USA.

Mange, a parasitic skin disease caused by various species of mites, is found in free-ranging wildlife populations and has been increasingly reported in American black bears (Ursus americanus) over the last decade in New York State (NYS), USA. Our goal was to describe the geographic, seasonal, and demographic factors associated with mange in this species in NYS. Our retrospective study used historic, opportunistic data from diagnostic necropsy records and visual sighting reports collected by the NYS Wildlife Health Program from 2009 to 2018.

Management of acne in transgender and gender diverse youth part 1: Gender affirming care and risk factors for the development of acne.

Acne vulgaris is among the most common skin disorders afflicting adolescents worldwide, and though well-established guidelines of care exist for acne management, these guidelines do not uniformly consider or address the unique psychosocial and medical needs of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth. TGD youth may possess distinct goals of therapy when treating their acne; the use of medicines routinely employed to treat acne may also expose TGD adolescents receiving gender affirming medical therapy to greater risk of adverse events. Part 1 of this two-part review provides dermatologists an understanding of gender affirming care and its timing, as well as its potential impacts on the development of acne in TGD youth.

Management of acne in transgender and gender diverse youth Part 2: Unique considerations and strategies in medical treatment.

Acne vulgaris is among the most common skin disorders afflicting adolescents worldwide, and though well-established guidelines of care exist for acne management, these guidelines do not uniformly consider or address the unique psychosocial and medical needs of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth. Part 2 of this two-part review provides guidance on a stepwise approach to the medical treatment of acne in TGD youth, with an emphasis on safety, efficacy, and the delivery of medical care in a culturally humble, thoughtful, and gender-affirming manner.

Response of Human Liver Tissue to Innate Immune Stimuli.

Precision-cut human liver slice cultures (PCLS) have become an important alternative immunological platform in preclinical testing. To further evaluate the capacity of PCLS, we investigated the innate immune response to TLR3 agonist (poly-I:C) and TLR4 agonist (LPS) using normal and diseased liver tissue. Pathological liver tissue was obtained from patients with active chronic HCV infection, and patients with former chronic HCV infection cured by recent Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) drug therapy.

Species, causes, and outcomes of wildlife rehabilitation in New York State.

Wildlife rehabilitation is a publicly popular practice, though not without controversy. State wildlife agencies frequently debate the ecological impact of rehabilitation. By analyzing case records, we can clarify and quantify the causes for rehabilitation, species involved, and treatment outcomes.

A conserved pathway of transdifferentiation in murine Kupffer cells.

Abundant long-lived liver-resident macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, are activated during chronic liver injury. They secrete both pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, which act on hepatic stellate cells causing their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts that deposit collagen. In other tissues, wound-associated macrophages go further, and transdifferentiate into fibrocytes, secreting collagen themselves.

Language Use and Generation Status are Associated with Chronic Pain Differences in Mexican Americans.

Little is known about the pain experience of the Mexican American (MA) population. We investigated the associations between language use and generation status with chronic pain prevalence, health insurance coverage, and analgesic medication use. We examined 3373 MA respondents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Functional responses of resident human T cells in intact liver tissue.

The liver contains a rich mix of T cells, including activated T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells and cells undergoing apoptosis. When antigens are presented in this milieu the default result is functional tolerance. T cell tolerance in the liver could be constitutive, or it could be adaptive, in which case liver cells would become unresponsive after encountering antigen in the liver context.

Altered vitamin A metabolism in human liver slices corresponds to fibrogenesis.

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has antifibrogenic properties in vitro and in animal models. Liver vitamin A homeostasis is maintained by cell-specific enzymatic activities including storage in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secretion into circulation from hepatocytes, and formation and clearance of atRA. During chronic liver injury, HSC activation is associated with a decrease in liver retinyl esters and retinol concentrations.

Human Liver Macrophage Subsets Defined by CD32.

Human liver myeloid cells are imperfectly defined, but it is broadly agreed that cells of stellate appearance , expressing the markers CD11b and CD68, are the liver's resident macrophages, classically termed Kupffer cells. Recent investigations using single cell RNA sequencing and unsupervised clustering algorithms suggest there are two populations of cells with the characteristics of tissue macrophages in human liver. We therefore analyzed dissociated human liver tissue using the markers CD11b and CD68 to define macrophage-like cells and found within this population two subsets that differ in their expression of multiple surface markers.

The Unique and Interactive Effects of Patient Race, Patient Socioeconomic Status, and Provider Attitudes on Chronic Pain Care Decisions.

Background: Compared to White and high socioeconomic status (SES) patients, Black and low SES patients receive less adequate pain care. Providers may contribute to these disparities by making biased decisions that are driven, in part, by their attitudes about race and SES.

Purpose: We examined the effects of patient race and SES on providers' chronic pain decisions and the extent to which providers' implicit and explicit attitudes about race and SES were related to these decisions.

Effects of a 12-week yoga versus a 12-week educational film intervention on symptoms of restless legs syndrome and related outcomes: an exploratory randomized controlled trial.

Study Objectives: To assess the effects of a yoga versus educational film (EF) program on restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms and related outcomes in adults with RLS.

Methods: Forty-one community-dwelling, ambulatory nonpregnant adults with moderate to severe RLS were randomized to a 12-week yoga (n = 19) or EF program (n = 22). In addition to attending classes, all participants completed practice/treatment logs.

Intergroup anxiety in pain care: impact on treatment recommendations made by white providers for black patients.

Race disparities in pain care are well-documented. Given that most black patients are treated by white providers, patient-provider racial discordance is one hypothesized contributor to these disparities. Research and theory suggest that providers' trait-level intergroup anxiety impacts their state-level comfort while treating patients, which, in turn, impacts their pain treatment decisions.

Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines () from the Northeastern United States 2010-2017.

Twelve wild North American porcupines () out of a total of 44 of this species examined in an 8-year period were diagnosed with dermatopathies while being cared for at two wildlife rehabilitation clinics. Biopsy and necropsy were performed on seven and five animals, respectively. Atypical dermatophytosis was diagnosed in all cases.

A randomized controlled trial testing a virtual perspective-taking intervention to reduce race and socioeconomic status disparities in pain care.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of an individually tailored, virtual perspective-taking intervention to reduce race and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in providers' pain treatment decisions. Physician residents and fellows (n = 436) were recruited from across the United States for this two-part online study. Providers first completed a bias assessment task in which they made treatment decisions for virtual patients with chronic pain who varied by race (black/white) and SES (low/high).

Infection of eight mesocarnivores in New Hampshire and Vermont with a distinct clade of canine distemper virus in 2016-2017.

Three fishers (), 2 gray foxes (), 1 mink (), 1 skunk (), and 1 raccoon (), from Vermont and New Hampshire, had lesions on autopsy consistent with canine distemper virus (CDV) infections diagnosed in a 12-mo period in 2016-2017. Lesions of CDV infection were most commonly noted in the lungs (8 of 8 animals), urothelium (5 of 8), biliary tract (5 of 8), gastrointestinal tract (4 of 7), and brain (4 of 6). Splenic lesions were seen in 3 animals.

Necrotizing Enteritis in Nesting Adult Eastern Bluebirds () in New York State, USA.

Increased mortalities of adult Eastern Bluebirds, , breeding in artificial nesting boxes were recorded in New York State, US. A total of 46 dead bluebirds were reported from 23 sites between early April and mid-August 2017. The maximum distance between sites was over 600 km.

Associations between immigrant status and pharmacological treatments for diabetes in U.S. adults.

Objectives: Although treatment disparities in diabetes have been documented along racial/ethnic lines, it is unclear if immigrant groups in the United States experience similar treatment disparities. Our objective was to determine whether immigrant status is associated with differences in pharmacological treatment of diabetes in a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes. We were specifically interested in differences in treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and insulin.

A comparison of race-related pain stereotypes held by White and Black individuals.

Pain judgments are the basis for pain management. The purpose of this study was to assess Black and White participants' race-related pain stereotypes. Undergraduates (=551) rated the pain sensitivity and willingness to report pain for the typical Black person, White person, and themselves.

The Pain Experience of Hispanic Americans: A Critical Literature Review and Conceptual Model.

Unlabelled: Although the Hispanic population is a burgeoning ethnic group in the United States, little is known about their pain-related experience. To address this gap, we critically reviewed the existing literature on pain experience and management among Hispanic Americans (HAs). We focused our review on the literature on nonmalignant pain, pain behaviors, and pain treatment seeking among HAs.

Differences in Mexican Americans' Prevalence of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Analgesic Medication and Substance Use Relative to Non-Hispanic White and Black Americans: Results from NHANES 1999-2004.

Objective: Little is known about the burgeoning Mexican American (MA) population's pain experience.

Methods: Using 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, prevalence of chronic pain, analgesic medication use, and substance use were examined among MA, non-Hispanic White (NHW), and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) respondents. Logistic and linear regression models examined racial/ethnic differences in: 1) chronic pain prevalence among all respondents, 2) location and number of pain sites among respondents with chronic pain, and 3) analgesic medication and substance use among respondents with chronic pain.