Simple spike patterns and synaptic mechanisms encoding sensory and motor signals in Purkinje cells and the cerebellar nuclei.

Whisker stimulation in awake mice evokes transient suppression of simple spike probability in crus I/II Purkinje cells. Here, we investigated how simple spike suppression arises synaptically, what it encodes, and how it affects cerebellar output. In vitro, monosynaptic parallel fiber (PF)-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) facilitated strongly, whereas disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) remained stable, maximizing relative inhibitory strength at the onset of PF activity.

Mismatch Rate of Empirical Antimicrobial Treatment in Fracture-Related Infections.

Objectives: To evaluate the current standard of care regarding empirical antimicrobial therapy in fracture-related infections (FRIs).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Level I Trauma Center.

Green Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Dried Apple Cultivars.

New extraction protocols, gas-expanded liquid extraction (GXLE), and ultrasound extraction (UE) have been optimized with an emphasis on using green solvents and maximizing the extraction of 14 selected phenolic compounds, including flavonoid-based compounds and phenolic acids from dried apples. The design of the experiments' approach was applied to optimize the main extraction parameters. Fine tuning included optimization of the flow rate in GXLE and the extraction time for GXLE and UE.

Virtual reality techniques for trauma education.

In this article we discuss the evolution of computers and the use of VR for trauma education. We reflect on available literature and share the lessons we learned. VR allows you to share your most interesting and rare patient cases with a bedside teaching experience.

Effect of binocular disparity on learning anatomy with stereoscopic augmented reality visualization: A double center randomized controlled trial.

Binocular disparity provides one of the important depth cues within stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology. However, there is limited research on its effect on learning within a 3D augmented reality (AR) environment. This study evaluated the effect of binocular disparity on the acquisition of anatomical knowledge and perceived cognitive load in relation to visual-spatial abilities.

UHPLC coupled with charged aerosol detector for rapid separation of steviol glycosides in commercial sweeteners and extract of Stevia rebaudiana.

Natural sweeteners are in high demand as a part of a healthy lifestyle. Among them, sweeteners with decreased caloric value and suitability for diabetes patients are most requested. Extension in their consumption extends the need for their quality control.

Simple and complex spike responses of mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons to regular trains and omissions of somatosensory stimuli.

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons help compute absolute subsecond timing, but how their firing is affected during repetitive sensory stimulation with consistent subsecond intervals remains unaddressed. Here, we investigated how simple and complex spikes of Purkinje cells change during regular application of air puffs (3.3 Hz for ∼4 min) to the whisker pad of awake, head-fixed female mice.

Benefits and Pitfalls of HPLC Coupled to Diode-Array, Charged Aerosol, and Coulometric Detections: Effect of Detection on Screening of Bioactive Compounds in Apples.

The new screening method for rapid evaluation of major phenolic compounds in apples has been developed. Suitability of coupling HPLC/UHPLC separation with the diode-array detection and universal charged aerosol detection with respect to the presence of interfering substances was tested. Characteristics of both detection techniques were compared and method linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, and selectivity of them determined.

Functional outcomes, union rate, and complications of the Anser Clavicle Pin at 1 year: a novel intramedullary device in managing midshaft clavicle fractures.

Background: Surgical management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in adults leads to better union rates, improved early functional outcomes, and increased patient satisfaction compared with nonoperative treatment. However, both intramedullary fixation and plate osteosynthesis are subject to a specific array of disadvantages and complications. The Anser Clavicle Pin is a novel intramedullary device designed to address these disadvantages and complications.

High electronic name agreement of 70 pictures in normative study of 5,290 Czechs for easy multicultural replication.

The aim of this normative study was to verify recognition and name agreement of 70 black and white line pictures on a large Czech population sample using an electronic form. The set of pictures was selected based on previous research showing preliminary evidence of high name agreement with one word only. The pictures were arrayed into an electronic form that was distributed via the internet and filled in by 6,055 participants across the whole country.

Single-shot CT after wrist trauma: impact on detection accuracy and treatment of fractures.

Objective: To evaluate accuracy of fracture detection and therapeutic impact of a single-shot CT protocol as a primary imaging tool in all patients with clinical suspicion of wrist injury, and evaluate the resulting impact on therapy.

Materials And Methods: We performed a single-institution study on all patients with suspicion of fractures of the wrist and carpus. All patients underwent conventional radiography, thereafter single-shot wrist CT, and then 1-year follow-up.

A Circadian Output Circuit Controls Sleep-Wake Arousal in Drosophila.

The Drosophila core circadian circuit contains distinct groups of interacting neurons that give rise to diurnal sleep-wake patterns. Previous work showed that a subset of dorsal neurons 1 (DN1s) are sleep-promoting through their inhibition of activity-promoting circadian pacemakers. Here we show that these anterior-projecting DNs (APDNs) also "exit" the circadian circuitry and communicate with the homeostatic sleep center in higher brain regions to regulate sleep and sleep-wake arousal.

A New Craniothoracic Mattress for Immobilization of the Cervical Spine in Critical Care Patients.

Current immobilization techniques of the cervical spine are associated with complications including pressure ulcers, discomfort, and elevated intracranial pressures with limited access to the thorax and airway. In this study, a newly developed craniothoracic immobilizer (Pharaoh mattress) for critical care patients with cervical injury was tested for its restriction of cervical movement, peak interface pressures, comfort, and radiolucency, and compared with headblocks strapped to a spineboard. Cervical movement was measured by roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis in 5 fresh frozen cadavers.

Restriction of Cervical Intervertebral Movement With Different Types of External Immobilizers: A Cadaveric 3D Analysis Study.

Study Design: Cadaveric radiostereometric analysis study.

Objective: To quantify the ability of five commonly used immobilizers to restrict cervical spine movement, including intervertebral movement, in three directions.

Summary Of Background Data: Evidence about the ability of many clinically used cervical immobilizers to restrict cervical movement is limited.

The characteristics and pre-hospital management of blunt trauma patients with suspected spinal column injuries: a retrospective observational study.

Background: Pre-hospital spinal immobilisation by emergency medical services (EMS) staff is currently the standard of care in cases of suspected spinal column injuries. There is, however, a lack of data on the characteristics of patients who received spinal immobilisation during the pre-hospital phase and on the adverse effects of immobilisation. The objectives of this study were threefold.

The ability of external immobilizers to restrict movement of the cervical spine: a systematic review.

Purpose: To review the ability of various types of external immobilizers to restrict cervical spine movement.

Methods: With a systematical review of original scientific articles, data on range of motion, type of used external immobilization device and risk of bias were extracted. The described external immobilization devices were grouped and the mean restriction percentage and standard deviation were calculated.

A validated classification for external immobilization of the cervical spine.

Study Design Interobserver and intraobserver reliability study. Objective The aim of this study is to validate a new classification system of external cervical spine immobilization devices by measuring the interobserver and intraobserver agreement. Methods A classification system, with five main categories, based on the anatomical regions on which the device supports, was created.

The value of a CT scan compared to plain radiographs for the classification and treatment plan in tibial plateau fractures.

This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and interobserver agreement for both fracture classification according to Schatzker and treatment plan of tibial plateau fractures using plain radiographs alone and with computed tomography (CT) scans. The study was carried out prospectively to assess the impact of an advanced radiographic study on the agreement of treatment plan and fracture classification of tibial plateau fractures. Eight experienced observers (six surgeons and two radiologists) classified 15 tibial plateau fractures with plain radiographs and CT scans and set up a treatment plan.

Value of a rigid collar in addition to head blocks: a proof of principle study.

Background: All trauma patients with a cervical spinal column injury or with a mechanism of injury with the potential to cause cervical spinal injury should be immobilised until a spinal injury is excluded. Immobilisation of the entire patient with a rigid cervical collar, backboard, head blocks with tape or straps is recommended by the Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines. However there is insufficient evidence to support these guidelines.

[Death of an infant following 'craniosacral' manipulation of the neck and spine].

A healthy 3-month-old girl died after manipulation of the cervical and thoracolumbar spine by a so-called craniosacral therapist. During persistent forced deep flexion of the neck and spine, the infant developed faecal incontinence, atonia and apnoea followed by an asystole. A physical examination, additional MRI studies and an autopsy indicated that the infant probably died as a consequence of local neurovascular lesions of the cervical spine or a mechanically-induced respiratory problem.

Variability of the essential oil from three sorts of Echinacea MOENCH genus during ontogenesis.

Variability of the essential oil from three sorts of Echinacea MOENCH genus during ontogenesis The content and quality of the essential oil in relation to the main ontogenetic stages of plants were studied in three various sorts of Echinacea genus. The comparison included Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea atrorubens, and Echinacea pallida. The differences in the content of the oil in different parts of plants and the abundance of individual oil constituents in oils from the sorts under study at the optimum stage of ripeness for harvest were evaluated as well.

[An asymmetrical face due to torticollis in two young children].

In 2 girls, 4 years and 8 months of age, respectively, torticollis had been diagnosed a few weeks after birth. Kinesiotherapy, given for a period of 1 year and 6 months, respectively, had little effect. Both girls were then referred to the Orthopaedic Outpatient Clinic where a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle and an asymmetrical face were diagnosed.

[Qualitative characteristics of selected species of the genus Echinacea Moench].

The paper examined the effect of production-technological conditions in relation to the ontogenetic stage of plants in three different species of the genus Echinacea Moench., comparing the species Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea atrorubens, and Echinacea pallida. It also examined the differences in the content of essential oil in different plant organs and evaluated the representation of individual components in the essential oils of the species under study at the stage of the optimal maturity for collection.

Flow-directed microcatheters for cerebral embolizations using Ethibloc--an in vitro study.

We conducted an in vitro performance study to test the flow-directed Spinnaker microcatheter for potential endovascular embolizations with Ethibloc as embolic agent. We performed in vitro testing using 50 Spinnaker 1.8F hydrophilic infusion microcatheters of three different types.

[The content and quality of Melissa officinalis essential oil after application of Rastim 30 DKV].

The paper deals with the evaluation of the content and quality of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis in various leaf insertions in the course of the ontogenetic development of the plant. The quality of the drug after the administration of the preparation Rastin 30 DKV in the form of granules was not changed in comparison with control samples. The experimental work, subsequent analysis of samples, and evaluation of results led to conclusions important from the viewpoint of significant changes in the content and composition of the essential oil taking place in the plant in the course of the vegetation period.