Influence of recurrent assessments during data collection on caregivers and young children for an agricultural livelihood intervention in Kenya: a qualitative study.

Objectives: We sought to understand the influence of recurrent assessments on the behaviour of children and caregivers in a 2-year study of an agricultural livelihood intervention.

Design: This study used qualitative exit interviews from caregivers in the control arm of a large, cluster-randomised control trial, Shamba Maisha.

Setting: The study was conducted in Western Kenya and involved 12 health facilities between 2016 and 2019.

Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening and 15-Year Prostate Cancer Mortality: A Secondary Analysis of the CAP Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer (CAP) reported no effect of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening on prostate cancer mortality at a median 10-year follow-up (primary outcome), but the long-term effects of PSA screening on prostate cancer mortality remain unclear.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a single invitation for PSA screening on prostate cancer-specific mortality at a median 15-year follow-up compared with no invitation for screening.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This secondary analysis of the CAP randomized clinical trial included men aged 50 to 69 years identified at 573 primary care practices in England and Wales.

Assessment of wastewater derived pollution using viral monitoring in two estuaries.

Human wastewater-derived pollution of the environment is an emerging health risk that increases the number of waterborne and foodborne illnesses globally. To better understand and mitigate such health risks, we investigated the prevalence of faecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli, and indicator virus (crAssphage) along with human and animal enteric viruses (adenoviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis E virus) in shellfish and water samples collected from two shellfish harvesting areas in the UK. Human noroviruses were detected at higher detection rates in oyster and water samples compared to mussels with peaks during the autumn-winter seasons.

Design-redesign, implementation, and evaluation of effectiveness of maternal nutrition and responsive parenting program on child development at 2 years of age from rural India: a cluster RCT.

Background: To promote early childhood development (ECD), we require information not only on what needs to be addressed and on what effects can be achieved but also on effective delivery methods that can be adapted to local context. We describe design, implementation, and evaluation of a complex intervention to strengthen nurturing environment for young children.

Methods: Study participants were pregnant women and their children from birth to 2 years.

Realising distributed leadership through measurement for change.

Through a systematic reflection on the journey that transformed traditional state-run baby homes in Tajikistan from closed institutions into community-oriented Family and Child Support Centres (FCSC) we reveal key moments of change. This review describes how community consultation with local participants in a development project shifted responsibility and accountability from international to local ownership and how distributed leadership contributes to the decolonisation of social services. Based on these interviews we ask, 'How do the innovations of a social development project become a fixed part of normal local social, cultural and political life; and, how do we know when a new normal is self-sustaining at a local level?' This analysis builds on a network-mapping tool previously described in this journal.

: Reflections from innovators' experiences with monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems for Early Childhood Development.

In this review paper, we explore how on-the-ground Early Childhood Development (ECD) innovators are using monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) systems to guide the design and implementation of ECD programs, as well as how MEL systems can influence policy and support the achievement of impact at scale. We reflect on articles in the series "." The 31 contributions to the series reflect the breadth and depth of complexity that characterizes ECD, including global geographic spread, with studies from Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.

Rapid-cycle evaluation and learning for the effective delivery of integrated interventions in early childhood in rural India.

Background: Effective and real-time data analytics plays an essential role in understanding gaps and improving the quality and coverage of complex public health interventions. Studies of public health information systems identify problems with data quality, such as incomplete records and untimely reporting. Effective data collection and real-time analysis systems for rapid-cycle learning are necessary to monitor public health programs and take timely evidence-based decisions.

Effectiveness of family-centered program for enhancing competencies of responsive parenting among caregivers for early childhood development in rural India.

Background: Responsive parenting constitutes an essential part of the context in which children live and has shown a positive effect on child development in the early years of life.

Aims: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of family parenting programs for enhancing competencies of responsive parenting among caregivers.

Study Design: Cluster-RCT in 50 Anganwadi center areas.

Cementing Partnerships: Applying a Network-Mapping Tool in Tajikistan.

This article describes the integration of an innovative network-mapping tool within a monitoring, evaluation and learning system. We describe how it serves to strengthen vulnerable families to care for their children. We discuss the use of this tool as part of the process of measurement for change in the preparation for the sustainable scaling of programme implementation.

Photostory-A "Stepping Stone" Approach to Community Engagement in Early Child Development.

Capturing real-life practices through photographs provides an opportunity to create awareness and focus discussions on relevant issues in community. Photographs and narratives also engage decision makers, inspiring changes in policy and practice. Paper describes development and adaptation of an integrated photostory approach documenting actions and stimulating positive change in Early Child Development (ECD).

Measurement for Change: From Idea to Approach.

Measurement for Change proposes an integration of monitoring, evaluation, and learning into decision-making systems that support sustainable transition of interventions to scale. It was developed using a cyclical, interactive 1-year dialogue between early childhood development (ECD) practitioners and academics from across the globe. Details are presented in Krapels et al.

The Aspirations of Measurement for Change.

This Perspective presents the five key aspirations of an approach to data use, decision making and monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) in Early Childhood Development (ECD) referred to as Measurement for Change. The core ideas of Measurement for Change gave rise to this series, and many of the papers submitted in this series speak to this approach, whether directly or indirectly. The five aspirations describe interconnected concepts that advocate for practitioners and researchers within ECD to build the capacity to use data in their decision making, by establishing a monitoring, evaluation, and learning system that strives to be: Dynamic; Inclusive; Informative; Interactive; and People-centered.

Strategies adopted by men to deal with uncertainty and anxiety when following an active surveillance/monitoring protocol for localised prostate cancer and implications for care: a longitudinal qualitative study embedded within the ProtecT trial.

Objectives: Active surveillance (AS) enables men with low risk, localised prostate cancer (PCa) to avoid radical treatment unless progression occurs; lack of reliable AS protocols to determine progression leaves uncertainties for men and clinicians. This study investigated men's strategies for coping with the uncertainties of active monitoring (AM, a surveillance strategy within the Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment, ProtecT trial) over the longer term and implications for optimising supportive care.

Design: Longitudinal serial in-depth qualitative interviews every 2-3 years for a median 7 (range 6-14) years following diagnosis.

Active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy in PSA-detected clinically localised prostate cancer: the ProtecT three-arm RCT.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. Prostate-specific antigen testing followed by biopsy leads to overdetection, overtreatment as well as undertreatment of the disease. Evidence of treatment effectiveness has lacked because of the paucity of randomised controlled trials comparing conventional treatments.

Ten-year Mortality, Disease Progression, and Treatment-related Side Effects in Men with Localised Prostate Cancer from the ProtecT Randomised Controlled Trial According to Treatment Received.

Background: The ProtecT trial reported intention-to-treat analysis of men with localised prostate cancer (PCa) randomly allocated to active monitoring (AM), radical prostatectomy, and external beam radiotherapy.

Objective: To determine report outcomes according to treatment received in men in randomised and treatment choice cohorts.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This study focuses on secondary care.

In Utero Efavirenz Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in HIV-exposed Uninfected Children in Botswana.

Background: Minimal data exist related to neurodevelopment after in utero exposure to Efavirenz (EFV). We sought to compare neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-exposed/uninfected (HEU) children with in utero exposure to EFV-based triple antiretroviral treatment (ART) versus non-EFV-based ART, and to examine whether timing of initial EFV exposure is associated with neurodevelopment deficits.

Methods: Women living with HIV who had received EFV-based ART during pregnancy and whose HEU newborn participated in a prior study were reconsented for their HEU toddler to undergo neurodevelopmental testing at 24 months old.

Effects of schooling on aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa.

Background: We aimed to study the effects of schooling on aspects of attention using the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) among children in rural Burkina Faso.

Methods: We re-enrolled children of a previously community-based cluster randomized exclusive breastfeeding trial in rural Burkina Faso. A total of 534 children (280 boys and 254 girls) aged 6 to 8 years were assessed using the TOVA.

Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Functioning After In Utero Exposure to Triple-NRTI vs. Dual-NRTI + PI ART in a Randomized Trial, Botswana.

Background: In utero exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-containing antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens may be associated with poor neurodevelopmental functioning in children of HIV-infected mothers. We investigated neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children of HIV-infected women enrolled in a randomized trial of abacavir/zidovudine/lamivudine (triple-NRTI regimen) vs. lopinavir/ritonavir/zidovudine/lamivudine [dual-NRTI + protease inhibitor (PI) regimen].

Association between stunting and neuro-psychological outcomes among children in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

Background: In Burkina Faso, stunting affects children and is a public health problem. We studied the association between stunting and child's neuro-psychological outcomes at 6-8 years of age in rural Burkina Faso using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II), the Children's Category Test 1 (CCT-1) and the Test of Variable of Attention (TOVA).

Methods: We re-enrolled children of a previously community-based Exclusive breastfeeding trial in Burkina Faso.

In-utero exposure to antiretrovirals and neurodevelopment among HIV-exposed-uninfected children in Botswana.

Objective: Conflicting data exist regarding the impact of in-utero exposure to maternal combination antiretrovirals. We compared neurodevelopmental outcomes between HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) children exposed in utero to three-drug combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) vs. zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy.

Effect of a Low-Intensity PSA-Based Screening Intervention on Prostate Cancer Mortality: The CAP Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Prostate cancer screening remains controversial because potential mortality or quality-of-life benefits may be outweighed by harms from overdetection and overtreatment.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a single prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening intervention and standardized diagnostic pathway on prostate cancer-specific mortality.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer (CAP) included 419 582 men aged 50 to 69 years and was conducted at 573 primary care practices across the United Kingdom.

Exclusive breastfeeding promotion and neuropsychological outcomes in 5-8 year old children from Uganda and Burkina Faso: Results from the PROMISE EBF cluster randomized trial.

Background: The beneficial effects from exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) have been widely acknowledged. We assessed the effect of exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in Uganda and Burkina Faso, on cognitive abilities, social emotional development, school performance and linear growth among 5-8 years old children.

Methods: Children in the PROMISE EBF trial (2006-2008) were re-enrolled in the follow-up PROMISE Saving Brains (SB) study (2013-2015).

Training health professionals to recruit into challenging randomized controlled trials improved confidence: the development of the QuinteT randomized controlled trial recruitment training intervention.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe and evaluate a training intervention for recruiting patients to randomized controlled trials (RCTs), particularly for those anticipated to be difficult for recruitment.

Study Design And Setting: One of three training workshops was offered to surgeons and one to research nurses. Self-confidence in recruitment was measured through questionnaires before and up to 3 months after training; perceived impact of training on practice was assessed after.