Task-specific relationships between error-related ERPs and behavior: Flanker, Stroop, and Go/Nogo tasks.

Performance monitoring has been widely studied during different forced-choice response tasks. Participants typically show longer response times (RTs) and increased accuracy following errors, but there are inconsistencies regarding the connection between error-related event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavior, such as RT and accuracy. The specific task in any given study could contribute to these inconsistencies, as different tasks may require distinct cognitive processes that impact ERP-behavior relationships.

Multiple Adaptive Attention-Bias-Modification Programs to Alter Normative Increase in the Error-Related Negativity in Adolescents.

In the current article, we examined the impact of two home-delivered attentional-bias-modification (ABM) programs on a biomarker of anxiety (i.e., the error-related negativity [ERN]).

Random-Effects Substitution Models for Phylogenetics via Scalable Gradient Approximations.

Phylogenetic and discrete-trait evolutionary inference depend heavily on an appropriate characterization of the underlying character substitution process. In this paper, we present random-effects substitution models that extend common continuous-time Markov chain models into a richer class of processes capable of capturing a wider variety of substitution dynamics. As these random-effects substitution models often require many more parameters than their usual counterparts, inference can be both statistically and computationally challenging.

Coordination of oral anticoagulant care at hospital discharge (COACHeD): pilot randomised controlled trial.

Objectives: To evaluate whether a focused, expert medication management intervention is feasible and potentially effective in preventing anticoagulation-related adverse events for patients transitioning from hospital to home.

Design: Randomised, parallel design.

Setting: Medical wards at six hospital sites in southern Ontario, Canada.

ANTsX neuroimaging-derived structural phenotypes of UK Biobank.

UK Biobank is a large-scale epidemiological resource for investigating prospective correlations between various lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors with health and disease progression. In addition to individual subject information obtained through surveys and physical examinations, a comprehensive neuroimaging battery consisting of multiple modalities provides imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that can serve as biomarkers in neuroscience research. In this study, we augment the existing set of UK Biobank neuroimaging structural IDPs, obtained from well-established software libraries such as FSL and FreeSurfer, with related measurements acquired through the Advanced Normalization Tools Ecosystem.

Characteristics of Drug Poisonings Seen in the Emergency Department of an Urban Hospital.

Background: Drug poisoning, either intentional or non-intentional, is a frequent diagnosis in the emergency department (ED), necessitating patient management from multiple services.

Objective: To describe the drug poisonings seen in the ED of a large academic urban hospital.

Methods: This retrospective descriptive study used 3 years of data (2018-2020) abstracted from the hospital's electronic medical record system and linked to validated, coded extracts from the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database.

Improving medication prescribing-related outcomes for vulnerable elderly in transitions on high-risk medications (IMPROVE-IT HRM): a pilot randomized trial protocol.

Background: Seniors with recurrent hospitalizations who are taking multiple medications including high-risk medications are at particular risk for serious adverse medication events. We will assess whether an expert Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT) medication management intervention during hospitalization with follow-up post-discharge and communication with circle of care is feasible and can decrease drug therapy problems amongst this group.

Methods: The design is a pragmatic pilot randomized trial with 1:1 patient-level concealed randomization with blinded outcome assessment and data analysis.

Proarrhythmic major adverse cardiac events with donepezil: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background: Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are regularly used in Alzheimer's disease. Of the three ChEIs approved for dementia, donepezil is among the most prescribed drugs in the United States with nearly 6 million prescriptions in 2020; however, it is classified as a "known risk" QT interval-prolonging medication (QTPmed). Given this claim is derived from observational data including single case reports, we aimed to evaluate high-quality literature on the frequency and nature of proarrhythmic major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with donepezil.

Developing a reporting item checklist for studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence or incidence: a mixed methods study.

Background: Adequate surveillance of HIV drug resistance prevalence is challenged by heterogenous and inadequate data reporting. To address this issue, we recently published reporting guidance documentation for studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence and incidence.

Objectives: In this study, we describe the methods used to develop this reporting guidance.

Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists and Other Second-Line Therapies for Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Drug Access in Canada.

Introduction: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by low platelet counts and increased risk of bleeding. After corticosteroids with or without intravenous immune globulin (first-line treatment), second-line treatment options include rituximab, splenectomy, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), and fostamatinib. In Canada, the choice of second-line therapy is influenced by access to medications.

On the surprising effectiveness of a simple matrix exponential derivative approximation, with application to global SARS-CoV-2.

The continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) is the mathematical workhorse of evolutionary biology. Learning CTMC model parameters using modern, gradient-based methods requires the derivative of the matrix exponential evaluated at the CTMC's infinitesimal generator (rate) matrix. Motivated by the derivative's extreme computational complexity as a function of state space cardinality, recent work demonstrates the surprising effectiveness of a naive, first-order approximation for a host of problems in computational biology.

Registered replication report of the construct validity of the error-related negativity (ERN): A multi-site study of task-specific ERN correlations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Intact cognitive control is critical for goal-directed behavior and is widely studied using the error-related negativity (ERN). A common assumption in such studies is that ERNs recorded during different experimental paradigms reflect the same construct or functionally equivalent processes and that ERN is functionally distinct from other error-monitoring event-related brain potentials (ERPs; error positivity [Pe]), other neurophysiological indices of cognitive control (N2), and even other theoretically unrelated indices (visual N1). The present registered report represents a replication-plus-extension study of the psychometric validity of cognitive control ERPs and evaluated the convergent and divergent validity of ERN, Pe, N2, and visual N1 recorded during flanker, Stroop, and Go/no-go tasks.

A quantum parallel Markov chain Monte Carlo.

We propose a novel hybrid quantum computing strategy for parallel MCMC algorithms that generate multiple proposals at each step. This strategy makes the rate-limiting step within parallel MCMC amenable to quantum parallelization by using the Gumbel-max trick to turn the generalized accept-reject step into a discrete optimization problem. When combined with new insights from the parallel MCMC literature, such an approach allows us to embed target density evaluations within a well-known extension of Grover's quantum search algorithm.

ANTsX neuroimaging-derived structural phenotypes of UK Biobank.

UK Biobank is a large-scale epidemiological resource for investigating prospective correlations between various lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors with health and disease progression. In addition to individual subject information obtained through surveys and physical examinations, a comprehensive neuroimaging battery consisting of multiple modalities provides imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that can serve as biomarkers in neuroscience research. In this study, we augment the existing set of UK Biobank neuroimaging structural IDPs, obtained from well-established software libraries such as FSL and FreeSurfer, with related measurements acquired through the Advanced Normalization Tools Ecosystem.

Hydroxychloroquine-Chloroquine, QT-Prolongation, and Major Adverse Cardiac Events: A Meta-analysis and Scoping Review.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the high-quality literature on the frequency and nature of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with either hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or chloroquine (CQ).

Data Sources: We searched Medline, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cochrane Central from 1996 onward using search strategies created in collaboration with medical science librarians.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English language from January 1996 to September 2022, involving adult patients at least 18 years of age, were selected.

Generating MCMC proposals by randomly rotating the regular simplex.

We present the , a class of parallel MCMC methods that generate and choose from multiple proposals at each iteration. The algorithm's multiproposal randomly rotates a simplex connected to the current Markov chain state in a way that inherently preserves symmetry between proposals. As a result, the simplicial sampler leads to a simplified acceptance step: it simply chooses from among the simplex nodes with probability proportional to their target density values.

Accelerating Bayesian inference of dependency between mixed-type biological traits.

Inferring dependencies between mixed-type biological traits while accounting for evolutionary relationships between specimens is of great scientific interest yet remains infeasible when trait and specimen counts grow large. The state-of-the-art approach uses a phylogenetic multivariate probit model to accommodate binary and continuous traits via a latent variable framework, and utilizes an efficient bouncy particle sampler (BPS) to tackle the computational bottleneck-integrating many latent variables from a high-dimensional truncated normal distribution. This approach breaks down as the number of specimens grows and fails to reliably characterize conditional dependencies between traits.

The evolutionary history of hepaciviruses.

In the search for natural reservoirs of hepatitis C virus (HCV), a broad diversity of non-human viruses within the genus has been uncovered. However, the evolutionary dynamics that shaped the diversity and timescale of hepaciviruses evolution remain elusive. To gain further insights into the origins and evolution of this genus, we screened a large dataset of wild mammal samples ( 1,672) from Africa and Asia, and generated 34 full-length hepacivirus genomes.

Genotype-guided drug prescribing vs. usual care reduced clinically relevant adverse drug reactions at 12 wk.

Swen JJ, van der Wouden CH, Manson LE, et al; Ubiquitous Pharmacogenetics Consortium. Lancet. 2023;401:347-356.

Random-effects substitution models for phylogenetics via scalable gradient approximations.

Phylogenetic and discrete-trait evolutionary inference depend heavily on an appropriate characterization of the underlying character substitution process. In this paper, we present random-effects substitution models that extend common continuous-time Markov chain models into a richer class of processes capable of capturing a wider variety of substitution dynamics. As these random-effects substitution models often require many more parameters than their usual counterparts, inference can be both statistically and computationally challenging.

The psychometric properties and clinical utility of neural measures of reward processing.

Reward processing is implicated in the etiology of several psychological conditions including depressive disorders. In the current paper, we examined the psychometric properties of a neural measure of reward processing, the reward positivity (RewP), in 279 adult women at baseline and 187 women 8 weeks later. The RewP demonstrated excellent internal consistency at both timepoints and good test-retest reliability using estimates from both classical test theory and generalizability theory.

Comparability of Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and Written Tests for Assessing Medical School Students' Competencies: A Scoping Review.

Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and written tests are commonly used to assess health professional students, but it remains unclear whether the additional human resources and expenses required for OSCEs, both in-person and online, are worthwhile for assessing competencies. This scoping review summarized literature identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE comparing 1) OSCEs and written tests and 2) in-person and online OSCEs, for assessing health professional trainees' competencies. For Q1, 21 studies satisfied inclusion criteria.