Sonography of diffuse thyroid disease.

Introduction/purpose: This article aims to review of the common diffuse thyroid disease.

Methods: Thorough literature search and review was performed for each diffuse thyroid disease. The most recent and updated ultrasound images were obtained.

Hepatic tuberculosis: a rare cause of fluorodeoxyglucose hepatic superscan with background suppression on positron emission tomography.

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) hepatic superscan refers to the diffuse intense uptake of 18F-FDG in the liver on positron emission tomography (PET), with reduced physiological activity in the brain and heart. The common causes include lymphoma and metastasis. In this case report, we describe the imaging features of tuberculosis as a rare cause of FDG hepatic superscan.

Combined ultrasound/endoscopy-assisted vocal fold injection for unilateral vocal cord paralysis: a case series.

Objective: Transcutaneous vocal cord injection is a popular treatment choice for patients suffering from unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Transcutaneous transcartilaginous (through the thyroid cartilage) approach abolishes any anatomical constraint to reach the vocal cord. However it is a largely blind procedure as the needle should stay submucosal.

Evaluation of real-time qualitative sonoelastography of focal lesions in the parotid and submandibular glands: applications and limitations.

Objective: To evaluate qualitative ultrasound elastography for focal salivary gland masses identified during routine clinical practice.

Methods: Sixty-five parotid or submandibular masses in 61 patients underwent real-time qualitative ultrasound elastography and were scored on colour-scaled elastograms in terms of their stiffness relative to adjacent normal salivary parenchyma from ES 1 (soft) to ES 4 (stiff). This was correlated with diagnosis from aspiration cytology or histology.

External jugular vein vascular malformation: sonographic and MR imaging appearances.

Vascular malformations arising from the wall of the external jugular vein are rare. This case series discusses the sonographic and MR imaging appearances of four such cases and reviews the literature. The diagnosis should be suggested preoperatively particularly because of the close relationship such malformations to the external jugular vein, as this helps surgeons to plan the operative procedure.