Evaluating the effect of a 12-month youth advisory group on adolescent's leadership skills and perceptions related to chronic disease prevention research: a mixed-methods study.

Background: Youth Advisory Groups (YAGs) represent a promising method to engage adolescents in research of relevance to them and their peers. However, YAGs are rarely implemented or evaluated in chronic disease prevention research. The aims of this study were firstly, to evaluate the effect of participation in a 12-month YAG on adolescents' leadership skills and perceptions related to chronic disease prevention research and secondly, to evaluate the process of establishing and facilitating a 12-month YAG and identify barriers and enablers to establishment and facilitation.

Eating disorders in weight-related therapy (EDIT): Protocol for a systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis of eating disorder risk in behavioural weight management.

The Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration brings together data from randomised controlled trials of behavioural weight management interventions to identify individual participant risk factors and intervention strategies that contribute to eating disorder risk. We present a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis which aims to identify participants at risk of developing eating disorders, or related symptoms, during or after weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. We systematically searched four databases up to March 2022 and clinical trials registries to May 2022 to identify randomised controlled trials of weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity that measured eating disorder risk at pre- and post-intervention or follow-up.

Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescents with Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review.

Study Objective: Menstrual dysfunction can impact both the physical and emotional health of young people. Multiple chronic diseases have been associated with menstrual dysfunction in adults; however, there is little research in adolescents, despite nonadherence and suboptimal illness control in this group. We aimed to identify the impact of chronic illness on the age of menarche and the menstrual cycle in adolescents.

How are adolescents engaged in obesity and chronic disease prevention policy and guideline development? A scoping review.

Background: Adolescent consumer engagement is widely accepted, with global calls to meaningfully involve adolescents for effective and tailored policy and guideline development. However, it is still unclear if and how adolescents are engaged. The aim of this review was to determine if and how adolescents meaningfully participate in policy and guideline development for obesity and chronic disease prevention.

Impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio on longitudinal adolescent measures of blood pressure at puberty.

Blood pressure (BP) rises rapidly at puberty. While this is partly due to normal development, factors like excess adiposity and a high intake of dietary sodium relative to potassium may contribute to a true increase in hypertension risk. This study aimed to assess the relative impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) on longitudinal BP measures at puberty.

Adolescence and young adulthood: an untapped window of opportunity for obesity prevention.

Adolescence and young adulthood (AYA) are formative life stages, second only to the first 1000 days. Yet young people have historically been 'forgotten' in our health system. Major health risk factors, like adolescent obesity, have largely been left untreated, resulting in significant chronic disease burdens and health costs later in life.

Shifting From Tokenism to Meaningful Adolescent Participation in Research for Obesity Prevention: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Traditionally, adolescent participation in research has been tokenistic. Adolescents are rarely afforded the opportunity to influence decision-making in research designed to prevent obesity. Engaging adolescents in meaningful decision-making may enhance research translation.

The Relationship Between Habitual Physical Activity, Sitting Time, and Cognitive Function in Young Adult Women.

Background: There is evidence that physical activity (PA), sitting time, and obesity may impact cognition, but few studies have examined this in young women.

Methods: Healthy women (18-35 y), without conditions that impair cognition, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Participants completed anthropometric and validated computerized cognitive assessments (IntegNeuro™).

Adolescent Participation in Research, Policies and Guidelines for Chronic Disease Prevention: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Adolescents (10-24 years old) account for 23% of the global population. Physical inactivity, suboptimal dietary intake, overweight, and obesity during adolescence are risk factors associated with chronic disease development into adulthood. Research, policies, and guidelines that seek to prevent chronic disease risk factor development rarely engage adolescents in planning and decision-making processes.

Association between Obesity and Omega-3 Status in Healthy Young Women.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for healthy development and protect against metabolic disease. However, individuals with obesity may be pre-disposed to experiencing lower n-3 PUFA status than normal-weight individuals. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the omega-3 index (O3I), body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in healthy young women (n = 300; age = 18-35 y), a group not previously focused on.

Bumpy and Smoother Pathways of Puberty Hormone Change: A Novel Way to Define Gonadal Hormone Trajectories in Adolescents.

Context: The study of gonadal hormone effects on adolescent wellbeing has been limited by logistical challenges. Urine hormone profiling offers new opportunities to understand the health and behavioral implications of puberty hormones.

Objective: To characterize pubertal change in urinary testosterone and estradiol among male and female adolescents, respectively.

The tempo of puberty and its relationship to adolescent health and well-being: A systematic review.

Aim: Emerging evidence suggests that pubertal tempo, that is rate of passage through puberty, has relevance to adolescent mood and behaviour. However, its wider health and developmental significance remain unclear. This systematic review sought to clarify the relationship of pubertal tempo to indicators of health and development, and to document tempo definitions and pubertal durations reported in the literature.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids status and cognitive function in young women.

Background: Research indicates that low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) may be associated with decreased cognitive function. This study examined the association between n-3 PUFA status and cognitive function in young Australian women.

Methods: This was a secondary outcome analysis of a cross-sectional study that recruited 300 healthy women (18-35 y) of normal weight (NW: BMI 18.

Foot Length Growth as a Novel Marker of Early Puberty.

Foot growth is part of overall pubertal growth but its relation to other anthropometric and hormonal changes is unclear. Our objective was to determine how foot length changes relate to changes in other growth parameters (height and weight), Tanner stage, and serum hormones. Adolescents (n = 342) were recruited to a 3-year longitudinal cohort study, underwent annual anthropometric assessments (height, weight, and foot length), and provided self-rated Tanner staging.

New insights into the association of mid-childhood macronutrient intake to pubertal development in adolescence using nutritional geometry.

Nutritional geometry (NG) is a novel dietary analysis approach that considers nutrient balance, rather than single nutrient effects, on health and behaviour. Through NG, recent animal experiments have found that lifespan and reproduction are differentially altered by dietary macronutrient distribution. Epidemiological research using NG reports similar findings for human ageing.

Ghrelin and Peptide YY Change During Puberty: Relationships With Adolescent Growth, Development, and Obesity.

Context: Pubertal adolescents show strong appetites. How this is mediated is unclear, but ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) play potentially important roles.

Objective: To measure ghrelin and PYY change in relation to pubertal growth.

Association between Haem and Non-Haem Iron Intake and Serum Ferritin in Healthy Young Women.

Iron is an essential micronutrient for human health and inadequate intake may result in iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Unlike other recent studies investigating iron status in young women, this cross-sectional study analysed dietary intake and biochemical data from healthy young (18-35 years) women ( = 299) to determine the association between both haem iron (HI) and non-haem iron (NHI) intakes and serum ferritin (SF). Dietary restraint and possible inflammation secondary to obesity were also measured and accounted for, and energy intake was adjusted for using the residuals method.

Relationship between Obesity and Cognitive Function in Young Women: The Food, Mood and Mind Study.

Limited research addresses links between obesity and cognitive function in young adults. . To investigate the relationship between obesity and cognitive function in young women.

Iron Deficiency Anemia, Not Iron Deficiency, Is Associated with Reduced Attention in Healthy Young Women.

Women of reproductive age are at increased risk for iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), with both implicated in decreased cognitive function (CF). Obesity may complicate this association via inflammatory-mediated ferritin elevation. This cross-sectional study examined the association between hematological iron status (iron replete (IR), ID or IDA) and CF in healthy, young (18-35 years) women of normal-weight (NW: BMI 18.

Effect of Glycemic Index of a Pre-exercise Meal on Endurance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Low glycemic index (GI) pre-exercise meals may enhance endurance performance by maintaining euglycemia and altering fuel utilization. However, evidence for performance benefits is equivocal.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a low GI (LGI) versus a high GI (HGI) pre-exercise meal on endurance performance using meta-analyses.

Energy expenditure and intake during puberty in healthy nonobese adolescents: a systematic review.

Background: Puberty is a time of rapid growth and changing energy requirements and is a risk period for obesity. There is little high-quality evidence on the pubertal alterations of energy expenditure and intake, and this has limited our understanding of energy balance during this important life stage.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to summarize existing evidence on pubertal energy expenditure and intake in healthy nonobese adolescents.

New insights in professional horse racing; "in-race" heart rate data, elevated fracture risk, hydration, nutritional and lifestyle analysis of elite professional jockeys.

Weight-making practices have been shown to impair musculoskeletal and physiological function of jockeys. This study investigated the "in-race" heart rate (HR) responses and hydration status during competitive racing, as well as selected physiological and lifestyle parameters of professional jockeys based in Hong Kong. "In-race" HR responses and early morning hydration status of 20 male jockeys were examined in hot and moderate climactic occasions.

The Health Consequences of Obesity in Young Adulthood.

Young adults are gaining weight faster than any age group. This weight gain and the appearance of obesity-related comorbidities often commence in adolescence. Psychosocial distress and mental health issues are common and debilitating, and treatment approaches are likely to be similar to those for adolescents.

Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review.

Objectives: There is increasing evidence that physical activity (PA) positively affects cognitive function (CF). Existing research has focussed on this association in children and the elderly, with less research available in young to middle-aged adults who constitute a substantial proportion of the population.

Design: A systematic review investigating the relationship between habitual PA (≥12 months) and CF in young to middle-aged adults (18-50 years).