The effects of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embryo. I. General effects.

In order to investigate further the effects of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embryo, paralysis was induced at 6 days of incubation by dropping 0.2% solution of decamethonium bromide onto the chorioallantoic membrane and maintaining paralysis through to 20 days of incubation. General effects of paralysis included lower body weight, marked subcutaneous oedema, twisting of the neck to the right with marked rigidity, and protrusion of the lower beak beyond the upper.

The development of pneumatisation in the skull of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The development of pneumatisation in the skull of the domestic fowl has been studied in a series of chick embryos from 7-20 days incubation (Hamburger & Hamilton Stages 29-46) and in birds from hatching to 126 days posthatching. During the embryonic period primary pneumatisation developed by 3 routes. (i) The tympanic cavity directly invaded surrounding bones-squamosal, parietal, supraoccipital and prootic.

Adult body size and survivorship in a field population of Aedes triseriatus.

Aedes triseriatus pupae, host-seeking, and ovipositing females were collected at a southern Wisconsin site endemic for La Crosse encephalitis virus. The host-seeking and ovipositing females were age-graded by the Detinova and Polovodova techniques, respectively. Wing lengths were determined for all mosquitoes.

Nucleotide sequence for the cDNA of the bovine beta B2 crystallin and assignment of the orthologous human locus to chromosome 22.

We have identified and characterized two over-lapping bovine cDNA clones corresponding to the bovine crystallin beta Bp. The longer of the two clones, which contains the entire coding and 3' untranslated region as well as 54 nucleotides of the 5' untranslated sequence was used to identify and map an orthologous human gene, Hu beta B2, to chromosome 22, q11.2-q12.

Characterization of the human beta-crystallin gene Hu beta A3/A1 reveals ancestral relationships among the beta gamma-crystallin superfamily.

We report here the detailed structure of a human beta-crystallin gene, designated Hu beta A3/A1, which was isolated and characterized using homologous mouse and bovine beta-crystallin cDNAs. Hu beta A3/A1 consists of six exons, spanning approximately 8 kilobases. The first two exons code for an N-terminal extension of 32 amino acid residues, while the other four encode the four similar structural motifs of the predicted polypeptide.

Localization of a beta-crystallin gene, Hu beta A3/A1 (gene symbol: CRYB1), to the long arm of human chromosome 17.

We have assigned a human beta-crystallin gene, Hu beta A3/A1 (gene symbol: CRYB1), to chromosome 17 using a panel of 19 human-hamster somatic cell hybrids and blot-hybridization analysis of cell hybrid DNA. Positive probe-hybridization signal was detected in a hybrid that had lost the short arm of human chromosome 17 but retained the long arm, translocated to a hamster chromosome. In addition, in situ hybridization analysis of metaphase chromosome spreads of this cell line suggested that the most probable location for CRYB1 is on the long arm of chromosome 17, in the region q21.

The development of pneumatisation in the postcranial skeleton of the domestic fowl.

The development of pneumatisation in the postcranial skeleton has been investigated in a flock of Golden Comet pullets from hatching to 182 days posthatching. The timing of development of pneumatisation in the vertebral column, vertebral ribs, sternum and humerus has been demonstrated. No pneumatisation was encountered in the sternal ribs, os coxae or coracoid.

The distribution of pneumatisation in the skeleton of the adult domestic fowl.

The occurrence of pneumatisation in the skull of the adult domestic fowl was investigated in eight birds by gross and histological examination. It was found to occur regularly throughout the neurocranium and in the quadrate and variably in the mandible, but to be absent in the facial skeleton. Close agreement was found between gross and histological examination.

Melanotic neuro-ectodermal tumour of infancy. A case report.

A case of melanotic neuro-ectodermal tumour of infancy (retinal anlage tumour, melanotic ameloblastoma) is described. Although a well recognized entity, the biological origin of this tumour is still disputed. A confusing array of names has been awarded to this tumour which characteristically occurs in infants under one year of age, commonly arising from the maxilla but also from the mandible, frontal bone, mediastinum, shoulder and cerebellum.

Fusions within the mandible of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The articulations formed within the mandible of the domestic fowl by its constituent elements have been described and illustrated. The sutures identified were suturae angulosplenialis, angulosupra-angularis, articulare/pre-articulo-angularis, articulare/pre-articulosupra-angularis, dento-angularis, dentosplenialis, dentosupra-angularis and supra-angulosplenialis. Some degree of fusion was found to occur in all sutures except sutura supra-angulosplenialis.

Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl.

The process of ossification in the cartilages of the larynx, trachea and syrinx of the domestic fowl has been studied in growing and in adult Golden Comet birds. In the laryngeal cartilages, mineralisation occurred consistently in the body and wings of the cricoid cartilage, in the procricoid cartilage and in the bodies of the arytenoid cartilages. In 7 out of 12 adult birds there were small additional centres in the tips of the rostral processes of the arytenoid cartilages and in one adult bird there were small centres in the caudal processes also.

A radiographic study of mineralised tendons in the domestic fowl.

1. The occurrence of mineralised tendons in the wing and pelvic limb of the domestic fowl was studied radiographically in adults and in growing birds from hatching to 182 d. 2.

The short-term temporal spectrum of precipitable water vapor.

Short-term power spectra of the fluctuations in the precipitable water vapor measured with a dual-channel microwave radiometer are presented. The spectra, taken over 34-hour sampling periods, encompass periodicities from I day to about 10 minutes. The fluctuation power is associated with the average precipitable water vapor for the sampling period.

A re-investigation of the centres of ossification in the avian skeleton at and after hatching.

The centres of ossification occurring in the skeleton of the domestic fowl from hatching onwards have been re-investigated in groups of birds from the same hatches, reared under standardised conditions and sampled at intervals from hatching to 182 days. Selected areas have been surveyed in adult birds. The numerous centres which are already present at hatching have been identified.

The hydrolysis of chemically modified proteins by Factor Xa and thrombin.

Bovine thrombin and Factor Xa were shown to hydrolyse slowly several chemically modified proteins. Both enzymes hydrolyse the proteins at trypsin-susceptible bonds, with arginine, lysine or the synthetically generated S-(beta-aminoethyl)cysteine at the P1 position. Both enzymes, however, cleave at far fewer sites than trypsin.

The esterolytic specificity of bovine thrombin and Factor Xa.

Steady state kinetics are compared for the hydrolysis of t-butoxycarbonyl-L-lysine methyl ester and several peptidyl lysine methyl esters catalysed by bovine thrombin and Factor Xa. Thrombin-catalysed reactions have lower Km values and higher kcat/Km values than do reactions catalysed by Factor Xa. Values of kcat are comparable and do not show any particular trend.

Microwave measurements of the absolute values of absorption by water vapour in the atmosphere.

MEASUREMENT of the absolute value of absorption by water vapour at microwave frequencies is difficult because the effect is so small. Far in the wings of the absorption lines, in the so-called 'windows' of the spectrum, it is especially difficult to achieve high accuracy in the free atmosphere. But it is in these windows that the behaviour of the absorption is important from both applied and scientific points of view.

A two-step fibrinogen--fibrin transition in blood coagulation.

The kinetics of the thrombin-catalysed release of fibrino-peptides A and B from human fibrinogen have been investigated and a mechanism correlating the release of fibrinopeptides to fibrin formation is presented. The sequential release of fibrinopeptides results in sequential activation of two sets of polymerisation sites.

The articulations of the neurocranium in the postnatal skeleton of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

In the neurocranium of the domestic fowl the centres of ossification present at hatching and appearing susbequently have been investigated and illustrated. The controversy over centres around the orbit is reviewed and it is concluded that paired laterally placed pleurosphenoids are present by the time of hatching, while paired orbitosphenoids situated near the midline and dorsal to the optic foramen do not appear until between 70 and 91 days after hatching. No additional "presphenoid" centres were detected.

Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from a type-II segment.

1. Amino acid-sequence studies were done on a peptide of mol.wt.