A personalized treatment program in persons with type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in liver steatosis.

Background And Aims: It is unclear if improving glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) also has liver-related effects. We aimed to evaluate if a personalized treatment program associates with improvement of liver-related parameters in persons with advanced T2D in a real-life setting.

Methods: Persons with advanced T2D underwent a 4-day personalized treatment program, with the aim of improving glycemic control by dietary advice, instructions on how to achieve optimal glucose control and individualized dosage of medications.

Glucagon and Liver Fat are Downregulated in Response to Very Low-calorie Diet in Patients with Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes.

Background And Study Aims: In patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes, short-time very low-calorie diet may ameliorate hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis. Whether this also implies the glucose-regulating hormone glucagon remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of a very low-calorie diet on plasma levels of glucagon and liver fat in obese patients with type-2 diabetes.

[New guidelines for NAFLD – a Swedish perspective].

New guidelines for NAFLD - a Swedish perspective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally, with an estimated prevalence of 25%. It is clinically challenging to identify which persons with known or suspected NAFLD that have the highest risk for development of severe liver disease. New guidelines from several European organizations were recently presented.

Omentectomy in Addition to Bariatric Surgery-a 5-Year Follow-up.

Aim: Omentectomy in addition to bariatric surgery has been suggested to improve metabolic outcome but short-term (6-24 months) studies have refuted this notion. We investigated whether there was any long-term impact of omentectomy.

Methods: Forty-nine obese women underwent gastric bypass surgery and were randomly assigned to omentectomy (n = 26) or not (n = 23).

Long-term Protective Changes in Adipose Tissue After Gastric Bypass.

Objective: Although long-term weight regain may occur after bariatric surgery, many patients are protected against relapse or development of type 2 diabetes. The study objective was to investigate whether this involves beneficial changes in adipose function.

Research Design And Methods: Forty-nine obese women were investigated before and 2 and 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated With Reduced High-Density Lipoprotein Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Content and Impaired High-Density Lipoprotein Cardiac Cell Protection.

Objective: The dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetes mellitus has multiple etiologies and impairs lipoprotein functionality, thereby increasing risk for cardiovascular disease. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have several beneficial effects, notably protecting the heart from myocardial ischemia. We hypothesized that glycation of HDL could compromise this cardioprotective effect.

Adipose tissue morphology predicts improved insulin sensitivity following moderate or pronounced weight loss.

Background: Cross-sectional studies show that white adipose tissue hypertrophy (few, large adipocytes), in contrast to hyperplasia (many, small adipocytes), associates with insulin resistance and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We investigated if baseline adipose cellularity could predict improvements in insulin sensitivity following weight loss.

Methods: Plasma samples and subcutaneous abdominal adipose biopsies were examined in 100 overweight or obese individuals before and 10 weeks after a hypocaloric diet (7±3% weight loss) and in 61 obese subjects before and 2 years after gastric by-pass surgery (33±9% weight loss).

Changes in subcutaneous fat cell volume and insulin sensitivity after weight loss.

Objective: Large subcutaneous fat cells associate with insulin resistance and high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We investigated if changes in fat cell volume and fat mass correlate with improvements in the metabolic risk profile after bariatric surgery in obese patients.

Research Design And Methods: Fat cell volume and number were measured in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in 62 obese women before and 2 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Omentectomy in addition to gastric bypass surgery and influence on insulin sensitivity: a randomized double blind controlled trial.

Background & Aims: Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and cardio-vascular disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether removal of a large amount of visceral fat by omentectomy in conjunction with Roux en-Y gastric bypass operation (RYGB) results in enhanced improvement of insulin sensitivity compared to gastric bypass surgery alone.

Methods: Eighty-one obese women scheduled for RYGB were included in the study.

Variations in the size of the major omentum are primarily determined by fat cell number.

Objective: Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is strongly linked to insulin resistance. Variations in the size of any adipose depot are determined by alterations in adipocyte volume and/or number. The individual contribution of each of the latter factors was determined in the major omentum, a fully resectable VAT depot.

Visceral fat cell lipolysis and cardiovascular risk factors in obesity.

Visceral fat accumulation relates to cardiovascular risk factors, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the role of visceral adipocyte triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) for several risk factors of cardiovascular disease. In 73 obese women, fat mass and distribution, blood pressure, blood samples for cardiometabolic risk factors, and whole-body insulin sensitivity were determined.

Genome wide association study identifies KCNMA1 contributing to human obesity.

Background: Recent genome-wide association (GWA) analyses have identified common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with obesity. However, the reported genetic variation in obesity explains only a minor fraction of the total genetic variation expected to be present in the population. Thus many genetic variants controlling obesity remain to be identified.

Regional impact of adipose tissue morphology on the metabolic profile in morbid obesity.

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to determine whether the mean size of fat cells in either visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue has an impact on the metabolic and inflammatory profiles in morbid obesity.

Methods: In 80 morbidly obese women, mean visceral (omental) and subcutaneous fat cell sizes were related to in vivo markers of inflammation, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism.

Results: Visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipocyte size was significantly associated with plasma apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols (p ranging from 0.

Increased visceral adipocyte lipolysis--a pathogenic role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Context: Obesity is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the primary pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.

Objective: The aim was to study the relative role of visceral and sc in vitro lipolysis for liver fat accumulation.

Patients: Eighteen morbidly obese women participated in the study.

Effects of pain controlling neuropeptides on human fat cell lipolysis.

Objective: Neuropeptides NPFF and NPSF are involved in pain control, acting through the G-protein coupled receptors (GPR)74 (high affinity for NPFF) and GPR147 (equal affinity for NPFF and NPSF). GPR74 also inhibits catecholamine-induced adipocyte lipolysis and regulates fat mass in humans. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of NPFF and NPSF on noradrenaline-induced lipolysis and to determine the expression of their receptors in human fat cells.

Adiposity measures as indicators of metabolic risk factors in adolescents.

Aim: To examine the relation between adiposity assessment methods (percentage body fat (%BF), BMI, and waist circumference (WC)) and individual metabolic risk factors (f-insulin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) and a combined measure of metabolic risk.

Methods: Crosssectional study of 300 males (BMI 20.8 +/- 3.

Regulation of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in human adipose tissue.

Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) has recently been suggested to play a role in lipolysis. Our aim was to study the regulation of CES1 expression in human adipose tissue. In the SOS Sib Pair Study, CES1 expression was higher in obese compared with lean sisters (n=78 pairs, P=8.

Primary differences in lipolysis between human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue observed using in vitro differentiated adipocytes.

Catecholamine-induced lipolysis is elevated in omental as compared to subcutaneous adipocytes due to primary differences between the two cell types (i.e., they have different progenitor cells).

Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans.

Obesity is increasing in an epidemic manner in most countries and constitutes a public health problem by enhancing the risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Owing to the increase in obesity, life expectancy may start to decrease in developed countries for the first time in recent history. The factors determining fat mass in adult humans are not fully understood, but increased lipid storage in already developed fat cells (adipocytes) is thought to be most important.

Expression of six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 in human adipose tissue associates with adiposity and insulin resistance.

Context: Six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) is a counterregulator of adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Our hypothesis was that STAMP2 could be involved in human obesity and insulin resistance.

Objective: The objective of the study was to elucidate the role of adipose STAMP2 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance.

Association of ADRB1 and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with insulin sensitivity but not obesity.

Background: The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and beta-adrenoceptors (ADRBs) are important for energy balance and may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Obesity is strongly hunted by insulin resistance and susceptibility genes for the two conditions could be separate or common. Variations within the UCPs and ADRBs genes may give important clues to their involvement in disease.

The common rs9939609 gene variant of the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene FTO is related to fat cell lipolysis.

We investigated the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism of the FTO gene in relation to fat cell function and adipose tissue gene expression in 306 healthy women with a wide range in body mass index (18-53 kg/m(2)). Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken for fat cell metabolism studies and in a subgroup (n = 90) for gene expression analyses. In homozygous carriers of the T-allele, the in vitro basal (spontaneous) adipocyte glycerol release was increased by 22% (P = 0.

Impaired subcutaneous adipocyte lipogenesis is associated with systemic insulin resistance and increased apolipoprotein B/AI ratio in men and women.

Objectives: To study the association between subcutaneous fat cell lipogenesis and components of the metabolic syndrome (systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension).

Design And Setting: A university hospital-based cross-sectional study of 383 subjects (303 women and 80 men) with a wide range of BMI (18-53 kg m(-2)).

Results: Strong negative correlations between in vitro fat cell lipogenesis (basal and after maximal insulin stimulation) and HOMA-IR were present in both genders (r = -0.

Mechanism of increased lipolysis in cancer cachexia.

Loss of fat mass is a key feature of cancer cachexia and has been attributed to increased adipocyte lipolysis. The mechanism behind this alteration is unknown and was presently investigated. We studied mature s.

A common haplotype in the G-protein-coupled receptor gene GPR74 is associated with leanness and increased lipolysis.

The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR74 is a novel candidate gene for body weight regulation. In humans, it is predominantly expressed in brain, heart, and adipose tissue. We report a haplotype in the GPR74 gene, ATAG, with allele frequency ~4% in Scandinavian cohorts, which was associated with protection against obesity in two samples selected for obese and lean phenotypes (odds ratio for obesity 0.