Mothers' Breast Milk Composition and Their Respective Infant's Gut Microbiota Differ between Five Distinct Rural and Urban Regions in Vietnam.

Microbiota colonization and development in early life is impacted by various host intrinsic (genetic) factors, but also diet, lifestyle, as well as environmental and residential factors upon and after birth. To characterize the impact of maternal nutrition and environmental factors on vaginally born infant gut microbiota composition, we performed an observational study in five distinct geographical areas in Vietnam. Fecal samples of infants (around 39 days old) and fecal and breast milk samples of their mothers (around 28 years) were collected.

Study protocol for cholera vaccination as a model to measure the inflammatory response in the gut: A case of modulation with a Lactobacillus plantarum K8 lysate.

It is crucial for human health that the immune system of the gastrointestinal tract works effectively. Dietary modulation is one of the factors that regulate the immune response in the gut. This study aims to develop a safe human challenge model to study gastrointestinal inflammation and immune function.

Low doses of diarrhoeagenic E. coli induce enhanced monocyte and mDC responses and prevent development of symptoms after homologous rechallenge.

The experimental challenge with attenuated enterotoxigenic E. coli strain E1392/75-2A prevents diarrhea upon a secondary challenge with the same bacteria. A dose-response pilot study was performed to investigate which immunological factors are associated with this protection.

A Double-Blind, Randomized Intervention Study on the Effect of a Whey Protein Concentrate on -Induced Diarrhea in a Human Infection Model.

Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nutritional interventions may enhance resistance to infectious diseases or help to reduce clinical symptoms. Here, we investigated whether a whey protein concentrate (WPC) could decrease diarrheagenic -induced changes in reported stool frequency and gastrointestinal complaints in a double-blind, parallel 4-week intervention study.

Characterization of the pathophysiological determinants of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection using a challenge model in healthy adults.

An experimental human challenge model with an attenuated diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain has been used in food intervention studies aimed to increase resistance to E. coli infection.

Comel-Netherton syndrome: A local skin barrier defect in the absence of an underlying systemic immunodeficiency.

Background: Comel-Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal disease, characterized by severe skin disease, hair shaft defects, atopic diathesis, and increased susceptibility for skin infections. Since patients with NS suffer from recurrent infections, it has been hypothesized that an underlying immunodeficiency attributes to this. Here, we studied clinical and immunological characteristics of the cohort of NS patients in the Netherlands in order to identify whether potential immunodeficiencies result in the increased risk of infectious complications.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell and myeloid dendritic cell function in ageing: A comparison between elderly and young adult women.

Ageing is associated with a changing immune system, leading to inflammageing (increased levels of inflammation markers in serum) and immunosenescence (reduced immune cells and reduced responses towards pathogens). This results in reduced vaccination responses and increased infections in elderly. Much is known about the adaptive immune system upon ageing, but less is known about the innate immune system.

Chemically modified peanut extract shows increased safety while maintaining immunogenicity.

Background: Peanuts are most responsible for food-induced anaphylaxis in adults in developed countries. An effective and safe immunotherapy is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity, allergenicity, and immunotherapeutic efficacy of a well-characterized chemically modified peanut extract (MPE) adsorbed to Al(OH) .

Treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in alpine and moderate maritime climates differentially affects helper T cells and memory B cells in children.

Background: Treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is focused on topical anti-inflammatory therapy, epidermal barrier repair and trigger avoidance. Multidisciplinary treatment in both moderate maritime and alpine climates can successfully reduce disease activity in children with AD. However, it remains unclear whether abnormalities in B cell and T cell memory normalize and whether this differs between treatment strategies.

Oral cholera vaccination promotes homing of IgA memory B cells to the large intestine and the respiratory tract.

Oral cholera vaccination is used to induce immune responses in the intestines to protect against cholera infection. However, oral vaccination may also affect immune responses in other mucosal tissues. To study this, tissue-specific homing potential and kinetics of B-cell responses were characterized after oral cholera vaccination.

Effectiveness of alpine climate treatment for children with difficult to treat atopic dermatitis: Results of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (DAVOS trial).

Background: Alpine climate treatment has historically been used in Europe to treat atopic dermatitis (AD), but no randomized trials have been conducted to provide evidence for its effectiveness.

Objective: To investigate the long-term effectiveness of alpine climate treatment for children with difficult to treat AD.

Materials & Methods: A pragmatic, open, randomized controlled trial was conducted.

Allergenicity and safety of recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor in patients with allergy to rabbit or cow's milk.

Background: Recombinant human C1 inhibitor (rhC1INH) for on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema is purified from milk of transgenic rabbits. It contains low amounts (<0.002%) of host-related impurities, which could trigger hypersensitivity reactions in patients with rabbit allergy (RA) and/or cow's milk allergy (CMA).

Dietary Milk-Fat-Globule Membrane Affects Resistance to Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Healthy Adults in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study.

Background: The milk-fat-globule membrane (MFGM) contains phospholipids and membrane glycoproteins that have been shown to affect pathogen colonization and gut barrier integrity.

Objective: In the present study, we determined whether commercial heat-treated MFGM can increase resistance to diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.

Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 4-wk parallel-intervention study was conducted in healthy adults.

Heterogeneous responses and cross reactivity between the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, 2,3 and 6 in a mouse model for peanut allergy.

Background: The relative contribution and the relation between individual peanut allergens in peanut allergic responses is still matter of debate. We determined the individual contribution of peanut proteins to B, T cell and allergic effector responses in a mouse model for peanut allergy.

Methods: Mice were immunized and challenged by oral gavage with peanut protein extract or isolated allergens Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6 followed by assessment of food allergic manifestations.

Food allergy in the Netherlands: differences in clinical severity, causative foods, sensitization and DBPCFC between community and outpatients.

Background: It is unknown whether food allergy (FA) in an unselected population is comparable to those from an outpatient clinic population.

Objective: To discover if FA in a random sample from the Dutch community is comparable to that of outpatients.

Methods: This study was part of the Europrevall-project.

Clustering analyses in peptidomics revealed that peptide profiles of infant formulae are descriptive.

Prompted by the accumulating evidence on bioactive moieties of milk-derived peptides, novel methods were applied to compare the peptide composition among commercially available hydrolysate formulations and to determine batch-to-batch variations of protein hydrolysate products. Despite the availability of general methods to measure, for example, the degree of hydrolysis and peptide mass distribution at a high level, the objective of this study was to more qualitatively compare peptide sequences and composition. By a comprehensive approach combining peptidomics technologies and multivariate clustering analyses, the peptide profiles of different hydrolyzed milk protein formulations were compared.

Peanut allergy is common among hazelnut-sensitized subjects but is not primarily the result of IgE cross-reactivity.

Background: Hazelnut and peanut are botanically unrelated foods, but patients are often sensitized and allergic to both, for reasons that are not well understood.

Methods: To investigate molecular cosensitization and cross-reactivity to peanut in hazelnut-sensitized individuals, children (n = 81) and adults (n = 80) were retrospectively selected based on sensitization to hazelnut. IgE to hazelnut extract, Cor a 1, 8, 9 and 14, to peanut extract, Ara h 1, 2, 3, 8 and 9, and to Bet v 1 was determined by ImmunoCAP.

Hazelnut allergy differs between children and adults in frequency of severity, aetiology and relevance of diagnostic parameters.

Background: Hazelnut allergy in adults is often birch pollen related, whereas in children, non-pollen-related hazelnut allergy is more frequent.

Objective: To compare the differences in hazelnut allergy between children and adults with regard to severity, aetiology and diagnostic value of routinely available data.

Methods: Adults (n = 120) who underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) for hazelnut were selected and compared to 151 hazelnut-challenged children from a previous study.

Functional role and mechanisms of sialyllactose and other sialylated milk oligosaccharides.

Human milk is a rich source of oligosaccharides. Acidic oligosaccharides, such as sialyllactose (SL), contain sialic acid (SA) residues. In human milk, approximately 73% of SA is bound to oligosaccharides, whereas only 3% is present in free form.

Characterization of T cell epitopes in bovine α-lactalbumin.

Background: Recent studies have indicated that peptides containing T cell epitopes may be used for immunotherapy. While for several cow's milk allergens the T cell epitopes have been described, the T cell epitopes in the major allergen α-lactalbumin (α-LAC) are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the T cell epitopes in α-LAC.

Chemical modification of peanut conglutin reduces IgE reactivity but not T cell reactivity in peanut-allergic patients.

Background: Specific immunotherapy for peanut allergy is associated with significant side-effects. Chemically modified allergens may provide a safer alternative.

Objective: This study aimed to analyse the immunogenicity and allergenicity of modified peanut conglutin.

House dust mite (Der p 10) and crustacean allergic patients may react to food containing Yellow mealworm proteins.

Scope: Due to the imminent growth of the world population, shortage of protein sources for human consumption will arise in the near future. Alternative and sustainable protein sources (e.g.